The dissertation research has revealed the peculiarities of the carbohydrate metabolism of different age carps (Cyprinus carpio) related to the content of glucose and glycogen of the liver, blood and white muscles of fish, and also the differences of the amino acid composition of the liver, and activities of individual enzymes. The dependence of the dimension of biochemical indicators and processes of energy supply of the carp organism on the type of tissue, model conditions, age of fish, nature and mechanism herbicides action has been demonstrated. In normal
conditions, the greatest changes of carbohydrate metabolism among the tissues of different age carp appeared in liver of this year carps (388.13-394.72 mmol/kg glycogen content of the liver in 1t and 7th day of the exposure). These data attest the carbohydrates as the appropriate energy source for the exploitative adaptation.
The exposures to selected herbicides provoked the changes in carbohydrate metabolism in the piscine tissues: the decrease of glucose content under the influencing of glyphosate in tissues of fry on 15.11 mmol/kg (by 20.1 %) in a liver and on 0.95 mmol/kg (by 36.7 %) in white muscles on 14th day in comparison with 7^th day of the exposure. The direction of the changes under 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid butyl ester action was similar to that caused by the metribuzin but control parameters did not change through the use of all available energy substrates of two year old C. carpio. The exposure to metribuzin caused quite significant changes of the amino acid composition in the liver of two years old carps.
The changes of carbohydrate metabolism in tissues under metribuzin influence on this year carps on 7th day of the exposure only started, but at the 14th day they gained a substantial degree.
The energy costs for maintaining the survival of this year carps and the detoxification of glyphosate were mainly ensured by carbohydrate catabolism, as it is evident from the increase of the cytoplasmic lactatedehydrogenase and mitochondrial isocitratdehydrogenase activities, and a decrease of the level of glucose in the liver. The protein metabolites can be considered the main energy substrates in these conditions for two year old C. carpio, that is confirmed by the high level of transamination processes, the activity of aminotransferases, changes of the fractional
composition of blood and liver proteins, and the increase in activity of isocitratdehydrogenase against the background of constant lactatedehydrogenase activity. The glyphosate action caused the opposite effect compare to metribuzin and manifested itself in the decrease the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and in the growth of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the liver of both age groups of carp.
Obtained results highlighted that the action of glyphosate caused negative changes in to the protein metabolism of carp: maintenance of γ-globulins grows in blood and in the liver. In addition, in blood the maintenance of albumins and β-globulins goes down considerably, and in a liver – α2-globulins.
Changes at glucose content in two year old carps tissues at 4 maximum allowed concentration of metribuzin were similar to effect of 2 maximum allowed concentration, whereas glyphosate in high concentrations allowed to develop the adaptation (16.3 % increase of glucose level in liver at 4 maximum allowed concentration of glyphosate but 13.7 % decrease at 4 maximum allowed concentration of metribuzin in comparison with control). Influence of glyphosate in a concentration off 4 maximum allowed concentration led to increase of protein level in liver. Values of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity, and also aspartate aminotransferase / alanine aminotransferase ratio, can be used in biotesting as indicators of fishes defeat by herbicides. Particularly, under effect of glyphosate, aspartate aminotransferase / alanine aminotransferase ratio in blood of this year carps decreased by 6.9 times, in blood of two year old carps – by 2.6 times, attesting the toxic impact on the fish organism.
Probiotic preparation BPS-44 had positive effect on the levels of protein fractions in blood serum and liver of this year carps approximating them to control parameters (except α2-globulins in blood and α1-and α2-globulins in the liver)
confirming the suitability of its application to offset the glyphosate impact on fish.
