Socio-psychological peculiarities of Lemko’s ethnic self-awareness. – Manuscript.
Thesis for Candidate of Psychological Science (PhD). Specialty is 19.00.05 – Social Psychology; Psychology of Social Work. – Institute for Social and Political Psychology, National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2017.
Based on the complex and interdisciplinarity approach, ethnical self-awareness is studied as a complex integrative phenomenon, formed by combination of the content components of the group (self-awareness of the ethnic group) and the personal (ethnic self-awareness of the individual) aspects. Clarified the structure of ethnic self-awareness, which consists of: ethnonym, an idea of the сharacteristic features of own people, ethnic autostereotypes and ethnic heterostereotypes, ethnic values, ethnic self-esteem, ethnic affiliation and ethnic identity. An author's structural and functional model of ethnic self-consciousness, which determined the structure of empirical research, was created and substantiated.
The study of self-determination of the сharacteristic features of Lemko peoples of the three generations showed: leading associate have protective and therapeutic semantics, which indicate that the Lemkos are people who are centered on the subject. Beginning with the second generation, the emergence of mythical semantics (the mythologization of the past and the formation of a new historical myth) has been diagnosed. Negative semantics in the self-awareness of the second generation could denote to the difficulties of ethnic adaptation in the multi-ethnic family and social environment. An increase in the number of synonymous rows diagnoses the growth of the possibilities of an adequate expression of the ethnic autostereotype in ethnic self-awareness.
During the study of ethnic auto- and heterostereotypes, a change in the ethnic «other» / reference ethnos (starting with the second generation of Lemkos) from the Poles, as a foreign peoples to the Russians, was discovered. In general, ethnic stereotypes of Lemkos have a positive emotional coloration (the harmoniousness of the images of «we» and «they»), which forms the basis for positive ethnic identity.
The content structure of value orientations of three generations of Lemkos is determined. The sustainable significance of values Conformity, Self-Direction, Hedonism, and Security, attribute to the constancy of certain patterns of behavior in the ethnogenesis of Lemkos. The stability of those components of self-awareness associated with the realization of values Tradition, Benevolence, Universalism, Achievement and Power are revealed as unchanged among Lemkos of the first two generations. The self-awareness of the third-generation of Lemkos group was different in relation to ethnic values the above. For Lemkos of the third generation, the value of Tradition is not significant, since Lemkos traditions in their orthodox form are no longer adaptive to the urban and globalistic living conditions in which young Lemkos grow. It is proved that the ethnic self-esteem of Lemkos reflects the gradual adaptation to the external group influences of socio-cultural environment.
It is determined that the representatives of three generations of the Lemkos ethnic group prevail in the need to create warm, emotionally significant relationships with others, the tendency to follow the aims, rules and norms of their ethnic group, orientation towards the values of collectivism. The statistically significant similarity of the expression of ethno affiliative tendencies in the groups of Lemkos of the first and second generation was revealed, which demonstrates the preservation of the need for ethnic belonging, aspiration for ethnosaving. The statistically significant similarities in the expression of anti ethno affiliative tendencies in Lemkos ethnic group of the first and third generations, reflects the dominant need for survival in contacts outside their environment and the consequences of adaptation to a new, multicultural social environment.
The analysis of the structure and content of the ethnic identity of the Lemkos of the three generations reveals the psychological consequences of the history of deportation, which reaches the self-awareness of the Lemkos of third generation and affects the peculiarities of ethnic identity in this ethnic group. Parameters of ethnic hyper identity have the strongest correlations in each of the three generations, indicating a natural preference to own ethnic group in Lemkos ethnic self-awareness.
An increase of the content diversity, structural complexity, as well as intergenerational stable and dynamic features of the self-awareness of Lemkos has been established.
Keywords: ethnic affiliation, ethnic identity, ethnic self-awareness, ethnic self-esteem, ethnic stereotypes, ethnic value orientations, lemkos.
