The paper considers the main aspects of phytoplankton's species and taxonomic richness, abundance and biomass structure, seasonal dynamics, Shannon's diversity, saprobity, primary production and organic matter destruction in different types of water bodies within nature protection and forest-park areas and urban areas. We propose the system for point assessment of anthropogenic impact upon water bodies based on presence of anthropogenic factors and indicators recommended by EU Directives. This system makes it possible to distinguish three types of water bodies: water bodies of nature protection and forest-park areas, water bodies of urban areas, and water bodies with high anthropogenic pressure. Phytoplankton in the water bodies under study was represented by 544 species (584 intraspecific taxa) from 149 families, 35 orders, 15 classes and 9 divisions. The largest portion of species diversity was formed by Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta (respectively 30, 22 and 19%). The highest algae diversity was observed in water bodies of nature protection and forest-park areas, and the lowest - in water bodies under the impact of human factors. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy five species of small-celled centric diatoms (Aulacoseira subarctica, Cyclotella ocellata, Handmannia comta, Stephanodiscus minutulus, Сonticribra weissflogii) were discovered for the first time in the water bodies within Ukrainian urban agglomerations. Representation of Bacillariophyta in small-celled forms is an adaptive ability of diatoms to grow under human pressure. The abundance and biomass of phytoplankton fluctuated within several orders of magnitude: 0.30-354.3 million cells?dm-3 and 0.01-788.7 mg?dm-3. It has been shown that phytoplankton responds to human impact by reducing intensity of Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta development and Cyanophyta growth to the level of water bloom. Increase in Euglenophyta and Chlorophyta portions is the response to high concentration of inorganic nitrogen compounds. Using Kendall rank correlation coefficient at different levels of the phytoplankton systematic hierarchy made it possible to distinguish two clusters of water bodies: with high (27-39 points) and low (10-13 points) human impact. Small S?rensen species similarity coefficients (between 0.17 and 0.51) indicate the effect of various environmental factors on phytoplankton development. Shannon's diversity of phytoplankton in the water bodies under consideration ranged from 0.02 to 4.43 bits?indv-1. The highest values were recorded in water bodies of nature protection and forest park areas (2.03-2.96 bits?indv-1), relatively low - for phytoplankton of water bodies within urban areas (1.54-2.44 bits?indv-1), and the lowest - for water bodies, polluted with inorganic nitrogen compounds (1.68-1.89 bits?indv-1). The saprobity index of the aquatic environment according to phytoplankton abundance was within the range of 0.75-2.98, that is, from -o- to ?-mesosaprobic zones. In the water bodies within nature protection and forest park areas, the average saprobity index varied from 1.84 to 1.94, in the water bodies of urban areas - from 1.87 to 2.07. Thus, Shannon's diversity tends to reduce, and saprobity index tends to rise with the increase of human pressure on the water bodies. During the growing seasons, the primary production intensity fluctuated within several orders of magnitude: from 0.08 to 42.84 mg O2?dm-3 per day. The minimal production intensity was observed in forest park areas, and more intense production was recorded in water bodies of urban areas. Accordingly, the destruction of organic matter varied from 0.58 to 10.35 mg O2?dm-3 per day, and the A/R ratio - from 0.12 to 15.67. P/B coefficients ranged from 0.91 to 6.02. Their highest values were registered in water bodies with intensive development of small-celled green, blue-green and centric diatom algae. According to patterns of primary production during vegetation seasons, several types of aquatic ecosystems have been identified: with one peak (summer), with two peaks (spring, summer) and three peaks (spring, summer, autumn), which is determined by different dominant phytoplankton complexes. Gradation of urban water bodies according to primary production intensity indicates their different trophic status: mesotrophic, eutrophic, polytrophic. The solar energy utilization tends to become more efficient with trophic level increasing: 0.18-0.23% in mesotrophic water bodies, 0.30-0.45% in eutrophic water bodies, and 0.82-1.67% in polytrofic water bodies.
