Kopilov E. Formation of effective endophytic microbial symbioses with wheat and soybean plants.

The event of threefold symbiosis between saprophyte fungus - diazotrophs - plant has been investigated in dissertation. It was proved that soil saprophyte fungi penetrating into plant roots are conductive to nitrogen-fixing bacteria endophyte effects and the interaction between plants and endophyte microorganisms (fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria) leads to threefold symbiosis forming between saprophyte fungus - diazotrophs - plant extending the adaptive potential of symbiosis partners. The structure of N2-fixing community and also fungi species staff of meadow leached chernozem soil in spring wheat root zone has been studied. The new highly active strain Azospirillum brasilense 102 which is able to penetrate into spring wheat inner tissues, forming effective endophyte association with plants was obtained. It was revealed that soil saprophyte fungus C. cochliodes 3250 actively developed on spring wheat roots, formed carposomes on the root surface and root hairs, penetrated into rhizoderma cells and root hairs which is evidence of forming endophyte association between C. cochliodes 3250 and the culture plants. The fact that at the same time the harvest of the culture and its constance to root rot agents rised up, the process of chlorophyll synthesis became more active, raised up the saturation ability of plants according to macroelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and microelements (zink, manganese) gives us suggest to consider that association between C. cochliodes 3250 and spring wheat has all the features of mycorrhiza, particularly ectoendomycorrhiza. Entering into symbiosis with spring wheat plants it promotes Azospirillum bacteria to penetrate into inner tissues. It was revealed that strain of saprophyte fungus C. cochliodes 3250 plays important part in forming and functioning of endophyte association between spring wheat and A. brasilense 102. Forming ectoendomycorrhiza with spring wheat plants the fungus assists Azospirillum bacteria in penetrating into inner plants' tissues. It was shown the ability of C. cochliodes 3250 to march into endophyte interaction with soybean. The fungus introduced in root system actively developed on plants' roots and formed carposomes both on root surface and root hairs. The mycelium of fungus penetrated in rhizoderma cells and root hairs. The fungus C. cochliodes 3250 rised up soybean nodulation ability. Thus the usage of C. cochliodes 3250 with wild population of nodule bacteria in soil enlarged the number of tubercle on soybean plants, raised up their nitrogenaze activity, increased the sum of chlorophylls in leafs. It's proven that C. cochliodes 3250 can form triple symbiosis with Glycine max - Bradyrhizobium japonicum - C.cochliodes 3250. It was shown that the most effective and ecologically safe way of nitrogen nutrition improvement, plants' protection from plant pathogenic organisms, rising up of agricultural plants' harvest and improvement of its quality is the complex introduction of N2-fixing bacteria and saprophyte endophyte fungi into agrobiocenosis.