The dissertation is devoted to development and introduction for practical use of new methods of studying of strongly discharged diffuse medium in the field of rigid radiation. The diffuse medium contains dilute gas, molecules and dust. The field of hard radiation consists of cosmic rays (CR) - protons and α-particles, electrons and positrons, γ - and X-ray quanta. The interaction of CR components with the specified substance is studied. That is, positrons with atoms, molecules and dust in young supernovae of type II, which contain the radioactive isotope of titanium (_22^44)Ti, , which is the initial element of the chain of radioactive transformations of the β-species (_22^44)Ti□(→┴(85 y) ) (_21^44)Sc □(→┴(6 h) ) (_20^44)Ca and the isotope (_21^44)Sc is a source of positrons. At the moment of decay, each isotope (_21^44)Sc emits γ- and rigid X-ray quanta of nuclear origin and a fast positron. The solution of the problem of obtaining the radiation response from decay products (_22^44)Ti is part of a new field of the positron spectroscopy of the diffuse medium. In this case, the author proposes to connect the annihilation lines contained as a result of annihilation of positrons with atomic electrons and kinematic characteristics of the atoms of the diffuse medium. The Inhibition of positrons in gas-dust conglomerates is all the more relevant if their energy losses simultaneously build up the emission spectrum from the optical to the soft γ-range. Some new criteria for diagnostics of the considered environment are substantiated. The physical formalism is proposed, developed, and was founded for the spectral analysis in radioactive diffuse media of the young supernovae and AGN shells. A new model of the kinematic state of the diffuse gas in the case of intensive rearrangement of the nuclei of radioactive elements and a new model of the formation of spectral lines of isotopes of (_20^44)Ca and (_20^40)Ca in the optical and γ-spectra of young supernova shells are constructed. An analysis of the state of the electronic shells of atomic systems is connected with a single-photon annihilation of a fast positron by atomic K-electrons. In this case, the positron is inhibited until its kinetic energy decreases to the binding energy of the atomic K-electrons.
The selection of the received solutions is allowed to connect of the following collision parameters: the initial positron energy -E_p, the recoil energy of the nucleus E_n, and to estimate the Doppler propagation of the optical line Δ_D. The analysis of cross sections of single-photon annihilation processes, in combination with Auger spectroscopy, allowed us to draw conclusions about the structure of the radiation field and the manifestations of the physical system in the energy intervals from soft X-ray to IR- spectra. In the dissertation are tested connection between one-photon annihilation in atoms and their displays in the specified more long-wave spectra are received. The Doppler broadening Δ_D has the greatest values in the optics and IR spectra of atomic lines. At the same time, Δ_D in the specified spectral intervals considerably exceeds the width of a diffuse line (within orders) that was received for the mane number of the important in astrophysics elements. For the same systems, the author previously developed and applied Auger spectroscopy, which consists of spectra of cascade transitions in the upper electron shells to K-, less often L-vacancies and electrons detached from the upper levels due to the Auger effect. Therefore, Auger electrons form an energy distribution function of electrons - F (E) of two components. Here the smaller component with energy is Maxwell's (equilibrium), and the Auger component with higher energy. In the dissertation the basic tables of spectroscopic data and the corresponding distribution between quantity and energy of Auger electrons for each atom are printed. Depending on the chemical composition, a corresponding radiation field with the source function S (E) is formed. Note that the printed results have basic spectroscopic characteristics for each atom. The conclusion about the contribution to the further recombination and ionization of the atoms of the diffuse medium is made. The formalism of the Auger effect in dust, the effect on the condensation process in young shells of type II supernovae has been developed.
It has been found that in the field of hard radiation, the scattering of soft X-rays is more efficient than without it due to the larger proportion of nano-sized dust. Only the fact of the presence of optical spectra in the young shell SNR 1987A on the Hubble telescope in January 1995 for the eighth year after the explosion gave a reasonable opportunity to consider the uncertain to this new source of excitation in a young shell of the supernova SNR 1987A.
