Chubko L. Spectroscopy and photometry of comets: activity, physical conditions in the atmospheres and surface layer of nucleus.

In this thesis the new physical parameters of cometary neutral atmospheres of the comets C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR), C/2002 T7 (LINEAR), C/2002 V1 (NEAT), 153P/Іkeya-Zhang and 9Р/Tempel 1 were found. The lifetimes and outflowing velocity of molecules from nucleus were found with the help of Shulman's model and the rates of gasproduction were found for comets C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) і 153P/Іkeya-Zhang with the help of Haser's model. The detailed tables of identified emission lines of the atmospheres of comets C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR), C/2002 T7 (LINEAR), C/2002 V1 (NEAT) and 153P/Іkeya-Zhang were made. Classification for the light curves of the explored comets on three types characterized asymmetry of the light curves relatively to perihelia is proposed. The emission lines of СО molecule were identified in the optical spectra of comet 153Р/Іkeya-Zhang in the first time. The Franck-Condon factors were calculated for this lines and good agreement with the relative intensity of obtained transitions of CO were found. We propose molecule СО2+ as parent molecule for molecule СО for comets in the visible region of the spectrum for the Asundi and triplet bands. For the comets C/1999 S4 (LINEAR), C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR), C/2002 T7 (LINEAR), C/2002 V1 (NEAT), C/2004 Q2 (Machholz), 153P/ Іkeya-Zhang and 9Р/Теmpel 1 the light curves were built, Нy and n photometrical parameters were calculated, and in the first time connection of brightness fluctuations with the solar activity were investigated. In the first time the cometary luminescent continuum and its parameters were found in the slit high resolution spectra of comets 9Р/Теmpel 1 and C/2004 Q2 (Machholz), obtained with the help of 6-m telescope. The parameters of the artificial crater, which was formed on the comet 9P/Tempel 1 nucleus in the frame of Deep Impact space mission experiment, were determined and the new formula of dependence of compression strength of cometary matter on a crater diameter was deduced.