Masliukh V. Acceleration of cosmic rays in Hypernovae, Hypernova remnants, and in galactic clusters.

The dissertation is devoted to the study of the cosmic ray acceleration in shock waves of Hypernovae and Hypernova remnants in the Galaxy, and to the study of the nonthermal X-ray radiation of cosmic rays accelerated by large-scale shock waves with small Mach number in galactic clusters Hercules A, Hydra A, and MS 0735.6+7421. In this work, the models of energy spectrum formation of cosmic rays accelerated during the Hypernova and Hypernova remnant evolution were developed. The spectrum of cosmic rays accelerated in the Hypernova shock wave was clarified, and it was found that cosmic rays accelerated by the Galaxy Hypernovae contribute 1% to the observed flux of cosmic rays with energies 10^17-10^19 eV. It was found that cosmic rays accelerated by the Galaxy Hypernova remnants contribute at the level of tens of percents to the observed flux of cosmic rays with energies 10^(16-18) eV. The energy spectrum of these cosmic rays has a quasi-power law shape with a slight increase in slope at energies 10^(14-18) eV and rapid decrease at higher energies. The average nucleon number of these cosmic rays is 7-10 at energies below 10^15 eV, and it grows at higher energies, reaching 13 at energies 10^18 eV. The search of observational manifestations of the nonthermal X-ray radiation from large-scale shock waves with small Mach number in galactic clusters Hercules A, Hydra A, and MS 0735.6+7421 was performed with the highest now possible sensitivity and higher angular resolution, compared to the existing works. It was found that even the use of all archival observations of X-ray Observatory Chandra and application of adaptive angular binning didn't make it possible to detect the desired radiation. The upper limits for the amount of nonthermal photons in these archival observations were obtained: 42 photons (Hydra A) and 28 photons (Hercules A and MS 0735.6+7421) in band 0.3-7.5 кеВ in the each texel of hardness map.