The thesis is devoted to defining a rational system of primary cultivation on the fertilizer levels background in five-parts crop rotation under the conditions of fluctuating moisture of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine that would provide soil fertility increase and stabilization as well as obtaining high-quality agricultural products and their production cost reduce.
The influence of the methods of primary cultivation and fertilization levels on the formation of agrophysical, agrochemical and agrobiological soil performance and crops phytosanitary condition through optimizing the depth of tillage on the yield and crop five-parts crop rotation productivity was determined.
Economic and energy feasibility of rational primary cultivation and fertilization levels in five-parts crop rotation and their implementation in farms for the conditions of fluctuating moisture of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was proved.
The research results gave grounds to suggest the five parts crop rotation with 60% saturation of crops and long-run shallow cultivation system combined with a double level of fertilizers that provided for N30P30K30 application for red clover, stubble ploughing for 10–12 cm + N40P60K60 – for winter wheat, 30–32 cm plowing + 40 t/ha manure + N60P90K90 – for fodder beet, 10–12 cm disc stubble ploughing + N30P40K40 for vetch-and-oat mix and 10–12 cm mouldboard ploughing + P30K30 for spring barley with red clover additional sowing in the farms located in fluctuating moisture zone of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
The most effective system of basic mechanical cultivation potential in controlling weed-infested shallow tillage was long, the least efficient – without stubble. The highest efficiency in regulating the abundance of the weed component in agrophytocenoses was noted for differentiated and long-term small-scale cultivation of chernozem, the lowest for systematic cultivation with a planar cutting. For systematic, flat-cut cultivation, the proportion of monocotyledonous weeds increases. According to the results of studies on the study of the structure of pollinated beet crop sowing for systematic unpolar cultivation, it has been established that the maximum percentage in the structure of indigestion is Amaranthus retroflexus – 20.7 %, Setaria glauca L. – 15.7 %, Echinochloa crus-galli – 14.2 % and Chenopodium album – 11.1 %.
Systematic unpolar cultivation leads to a significant reduction in crop yields of all crops. The yield of winter wheat and viko-oats is equal at the same level as the long shallow, differentiated and long-term shallow soil cultivation. Grain yield of spring barley and clover green mass is reduced by replacement of plowing them under cultivation 15– 17 cm flat at the same depth. The productivity of these crops is not significantly different in reducing the depth of the shallow cultivation under them from 15–17 to 10–12 cm.
The yield of beet root crops increases with differentiated cultivation, compared to control, especially in fertilized areas. The productivity of this crop is in line for long shallow and small scale cultivation in the rotation. The highest agrotechnical efficiency of fertilizers is observed for the differentiated, the lowest – the systematic unpolar cultivation. So, for the introduction under of beet 20 t/ha of manure + N30Р45К45, 40 t/ha of manure + N60Р90К90 and 60 t/ha of manure + N90Р135К135, the growth of dry matter of differentiated tillage compared to control was 0.43; 0.56 and 0.68 t/ha, while for permanent flat-cut cultivation there was a decrease of 0.53; 0.63 and 0.79 t/ha.
The productivity of crop rotation practically does not differ in the variants of long shallow, small scale and differentiated cultivation of soil. Permanent flat-cut machining significantly reduces this figure. The productivity of 1 hectare of crop rotation for a long shallow cultivation was 6.55 tons of dry matter with a content of 5.04 tons of feed units and 0.44 tons of digestible protein, respectively, at a rate of 5.89, 4.60 and 0.398, and a differentiated one of 6.49; 5.11 and 0.439, long small scale – 6.65; 5.14 and 0.454 t/ha.
The highest economic and energy efficiency of the studied agriculture measures is obtained for the long shallow cultivation and introduction on 1 hectare of crop rotation
8 tons of manure + N32P50K50. Energy analysis shows that the highest energy efficiency ratio (3.37) was obtained for a long shallow tillage and making 8 t/ha manure + N32P50K50, and the introduction of 12 t/ha manure + N48P75K75 accompanied by a slight decrease of (0.02) factor energy efficiency, although the productivity of crop rotation increases considerably (by 0.8 t / ha of feed units).
