Underground engineering structures, including transport tunnels, subways, hydrotechnical structures intended for water supply and sewage, industrial communications, and special purpose engineering facilities of varying degrees of complexity are widely used for urban needs.
Today, conducting engineering and geological researches, it is possible to use almost all known geophysical methods. However, engineering and geophysical studies differ from other types of exploration geophysics by the specifics of the tasks and conditions of work performance. For engineering geophysics it is obligatory to study the composition of rocks, the state and properties of rock masses and geologic cross–section with all their inherent heterogeneities, as well as the study of various physical fields, characteristic researched area with the purpose of forecasting short–term and long–term changes. In addition, geophysical engineering is increasingly used to control various operations performed during construction (freezing, cementation, sealing, physiochemical fixing). Drilling of wells remains a time–consuming and costly process, and sometimes impossible in urban settings. In addition, the interpolation of drilling results in the space between boreholes often leads to a misconception of the actual state of the facility's construction environment. To ensure a detailed exploration of the geological cross–section, it is necessary to apply widely the geophysical methods, which are the most promising for solving the engineering and geological tasks.
The thesis is devoted to the use of effective and rational complex of geophysical researches in solving engineering and geological problems in urbanized areas, namely, modern researches were carried out by the methods of vertical electric sounding, subsurface radar sounding and resonance–acoustic profiling, which allowed to obtain information about available borders in the middle of the massif and to measure the degree of heterogeneity of the layers and testified the prospect of performing measurements from the day surface to solve a wide range of issues of engineering and geological tasks.
Different geophysical methods have their own peculiarities of application within urbanized areas, where there are additional requirements for their noise immunity, mobility and efficiency, when solving specific engineering–geological challenges. Where classical geophysical methods cannot be applied, the use of similar by physical basis but more mobile and noise resistant methods should be recommended.
Classical geophysical methods have limited fields of application in solving specific engineering and geological problems, so it is recommended to use them in combination with non–standard geophysical methods based on different physical principles.
The author obtained new geological results, namely, according to the data of geoelectric methods in the territory of "Expocenter of Ukraine" the second aquifer with parameters 10–20 Ohmm is discovered, which is represented by heavy moraine loam, which indicates the watering of this site; it has been determined that the main reason for the general rise in groundwater levels was the backfill of the beam passing through the central entrance, where the underground tunnels pass. According to the method of vertical electric sounding the flooded areas are characterized by reduced values of the specific resistance of 10–30 Ohmm, and according to the method of resonance–acoustic profiling – by the maximum values of the spectra of acoustic signals.
It was found that the use of the RAP method is justified and the most effective in the stages of preliminary research for the selection of the drilling points according to the drilling data.
The rational set of geophysical methods as part of research is recommended for use in the construction and use of subway tunnels. An analysis of the physical foundations of these methods showed that the complementary methods, namely vertical electric sounding, resonance–acoustic profiling, and subsurface radar sounding, are the most effective methods for solving engineering and geological tasks.
