Haidai T. Substantiation and Improvement of Technology and Working Bodies of the Plant for Sowing of Break Crops

In the conditions of functioning of modern agro-industrial production of Ukraine there is a sharp decrease (up to 30 % of the regulatory requirement) of the use of organic fertilizers. At the same time, the question of providing soil with nutrients based on alternative and accessible sources remains relevant. One such source is the use of break (green manure) crops. As the experience of domestic and foreign producers of crop products shows, one ton of green mass of break crops is equivalent to 0.5–0.75 tons of humus. Comparison of soil nutrient technology based on traditional use of organic fertilizers with break crops technology shows that the latter is 3–3.5 times more efficient at specific costs per hectare (862–940 UAH/ha versus 3007 UAH/ha). The use of manure fertilizers is an economic and environmental alternative to providing the soil with the necessary substances. Considering the tendencies of the world technology market, the most effective tools of «break crops» technologies are combined soil-sowing units, which provide sowing of break crops simultaneously with tillage. The modular scheme for the implementation of such units allows the use of commercially available serial or specialized tillage tools, which are equipped with simple connection schemes and sowing device (sowing module) with systems acceptable for agrotechnical metering and small-seed application. Actual for these modular soil-sowing units is the study of chain technological combinations and design parameters of the diffusers, which ensure the uniform distribution of seeds on the soil surface. The dissertation is devoted to the research aimed at increasing the efficiency of the technological and technological process of sowing of break crops by combining technological operations of soil tillage and sowing unit and improving the design parameters of the plate diffuser. The analysis of the current state of technical and technological solutions for sowing of break crops is conducted and the directions of development of perspective technical solutions are determined. The concept and system-analog model of functioning of the chain technological processes of the soil-sowing unit have been developed. The analytical dependences of the dynamics of the chain technological process of the soil-sowing unit on the indices of manufacturability and quality have been developed. On the basis of researches it is offered: analytical dependences of movement dynamics of the soil-sowing unit for determination of its coordinates (x, y); the procedure for determining the parameters of the coil-type seeding apparatus; evaluation of the dynamics of seed movement in the pneumatic seed line; determining the parameters of the plate diffuser; algorithm of synthesis of indicators of manufacturability and quality of chain connections and process control with the use of information-control tool. The rational design and functional scheme of a plate diffuser with an adjustable opening angle for small-seeded sider crops is substantiated, the values of the necessary opening angles (at the appropriate installation height and air flow velocity) for uniform seed distribution are optimized. An experimental unit was designed and manufactured for laboratory and field research. The methods of determining and estimating the parameters of the block of processability and process quality and the algorithm of their interaction have been improved. According to the program of experimental researches, the following were carried out: verification of theoretical prerequisites adopted in the construction of computational models of functioning of blocks of manufacturability and quality of the soil-sowing unit; study of the influence of air velocity and the design parameters of the plate diffuser on the uniform dispersion of seeds on the soil surface. On the basis of the limits of the width of the scattering of seeds, plots of its distribution according to the calculated and experimental data have been constructed. By the nature of the curvature of the seed scatterplots, the distance between the plate scatterers is determined. The design and dynamic parameters of the plate diffuser were investigated, and the layout layout of the unit was optimized. Field studies of an experimental specimen of a plate diffuser have been carried out and the cost-effectiveness of using the proposed tillage and sowing unit for sowing of small-seeded crops has been determined. To evaluate the operation of the soil-sowing unit with a typical and developed dish spreader, the coefficient of variation of the uneven distribution of seeds and the density of plants in field production conditions were determined.