The aim of the dissertation is to develop as approach to increase the effectiveness of prevention of dental anomalies based on the individual and typological features of body composition.
In order to achieve this aim, there was designed and carried out anthropometric measurement and assessment of the physical parameters of 181 young adults aged 21 to 25 years. Based on the findings obtained, normosthenic type is found out as the most common type of body constitution and makes up an average of 54.69 + 3.7% (43.53 + 5.4% of men and 64.58 + 5.4% of women). The asthenic type constitutes 28.74 + 3.4% (24 men (28.24 + 4.9%) and 28 women (29.16 + 4.6%)).
The analysis of findings obtained by the assessment of the individual tooth positioning, dentition and occlusion of the subjects demonstrated that 92.8% of them had somewhat disorders and abnormalities. Pathological types of occlusion, and namely Angle’s Class II 1 was found out in 23 people (12.71%), Class II 2 was diagnosed in 14 subjects (7.73%), and Class III was found in 2 people (1.1%). The analysis of dental caries prevalence and intensity in the individuals of different somatotypes has demonstrated that the highest caries intensity was determined in the asthenics. Higher caries indices in the hypersthenic and asthenic groups, typically due to unsatisfactory and low effective oral hygiene, indicate the progression of caries in these individuals.
The comparative analysis enabled to determine the presence of some peculiarities in the tooth size in the hypersthenic group. It was found that all canines (13, 23, 33, 43) had probably larger mesiodistal size than those in normosthenic individuals, and teeth 13, 23, 33 than in the asthenic individuals. The mesiodistal size of the tooth 32 in the hypersthenic individuals was probably larger than in the normosthenic individuals.
The width of the upper and lower dentition in the area of the first premolars in the hypersthenic individuals probably exceeded that in the normo- and asthenic groups (p <0.05). The average value of the width of the dental arch in the area of the first molars on the upper and lower jaws in the hypersthenic group exceeds both the average values obtained in the group of all subjects under study and the values obtained in the asthenic and normosthenic groups. The highest indicators of the length of the anterior mandibular region according to Korkhauz were detected in the hypersthenic group that probably exceeded the values obtained in the normosthenic and asthenic groups.
In the structure of dentomaxillofacial anomalies, Angle’s Class I malocclusion has been revealed to rank the first place as it has been diagnosed in 71.27 + 3.4% of the examined young adults. In the next stage of the study, we examined 63 male individuals (mean age 23.30 + 0.29 years) and 66 female individuals (mean age 23.24 + 0.16 years) with Angle’s Class I malocclusion. When comparing the mesiodistal sizes of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws of women and men of the same constitutional body type, who had Angle’s Class I malocclusion, the largest difference in the parameters was found among the normosthenic individuals. The width of the lower dentition and the difference between the obtained and theoretically accepted width in the hypersthenic group in the area of teeth 34 – 44 was also greater than in the asthenic and hypersthenic individuals.
42 people of different somatotypes who had no somatic pathology and morphological, functional or aesthetic disorders of the dentomaxillofacial area were subjected to superficial electromyography (EMG) of the temporal and masticatory muscles. This study has contributed to establishing the features of EMG activity of masticatory muscles in young people depending on the somatotype. Thus, the hypersthic individuals demonstrated significantly higher indicators of EMG activity of masticatory muscles in comparison with normosthenic and asthenic individuals (p <0.05), and the lowest indicators were detected in the asthenic individuals.The asthenic individuals demonstrated the lowest indicators of EMG activity of masticatory muscles when compared with the normosthenic and hypersthenic groups. The subjects of the normosthenic group showed the most proportional distribution in the activity of the masticatory muscles over the working and balancing sides than over the temporal muscles (p <0.05).
The largest percentage of normosthenic individuals (72.7%) demonstrated symmetrical muscle work on the left and right sides. At the same time, among the hypersthenic individuals this indicator was detected only in 44.4% of the subjects.
Having analyzed the results obtained, we developed and proposed an algorithm for examining an orthodontic patient based on his / her somatotype. This algorithm involves determining typological characteristics of the body constitution and allows the orthodontist to take into account certain factors at the stages when making treatment plan or rehabilitation plan.
