The thesis is devoted to improving geodetic techniques of increasing measuring accuracy and efficiency of measurements during engineering surveying operations. Therefore, the issue of its improvement is extremely important and will be even more important in the future.
In general, engineering geodesy works considered in Chapter 1 can be technologically combined into such directions, as:
1. Geodetic works providing a coordinate base of SGN for engineering constructions.
2. Geodetic works provided for engineering constructions during their building.
3. Geodetic works provided while installing technological equipment.
The analysis of Point 1 showed that issues of homogeneous accuracy of coordinate positioning for small engineering facilities was addressed by implementing into production The State Geodetic Reference Coordinate System (USC2000). It provided a MSE of coordinate determination at the level of 3 cm for the whole Ukraine territory. Regarding geodetic networks of big engineering objects, their normative errors stayed at the level of out-of-date measuring techniques. The rapid development of networks of permanent BS enables using new methods of GNSS in a real-time mode for providing the SGN coordinate base for engineering constructions. Considering geodetic works provided for engineering constructions during their building and exploitation, we can mention that in Ukraine such works are regulated by the relevant building codes. They include the description of kinds of works, equipment for them and regulated accuracy. Since geodetic networks at such objects are designed under the limited planning conditions, a need to develop new measuring techniques and special geodetic networks.
Geodetic support for the installation of technological equipment of engineering structures in Ukraine is regulated by the corresponding regulatory requirements. These norms determine the accuracy and methods of performance of works. In Ukraine, checks of straightness, equiaxality, horizontality, height, inclination, verticality, parallelism, perpendicularity, flatness, and curvature are carried out with special equipment, autocollimation theodolites, invar wires, gauges, optical tubes with center finders. In world practice, methods based on the use of modern electronic devices, which are much more effective, productive and less time-consuming, have long been widespread. Therefore, the question of introducing such technologies into Ukrainian production arises.
In Chapter 2, with the aim of improving the geodetic support of large engineering structures, the coordinate base is used to:
1. Investigation of the accuracy of the RTK mode of GNSS measurements depending on the distance to the base station, the number of satellite constellations, the number of epochs and the type of communication.
2. Researching the possibility of building geodetic networks using static and synchronous RTK GNSS vectors.
3. Transformation of the planned coordinates from the ETRF-2000 system to the GTT system of the Dnister PSPP. The calculated parameters of the transformation are implemented in the CDC-NET software for the formation of differential corrections of the Dniester Gas Station.
In order to convert the ellipsoidal heights of the ETRF-2000 system to the system of normal heights of the GTT of the Dniester Gas Power Plant, a regular grid of quasi-geoid heights was created, which was loaded into the CDC-NET software for transferring differential corrections to geodetic heights.
In Chapter 3, in order to increase the accuracy of determining the parameters of engineering structures by electronic total stations and in accordance with the geodetic production instructions, the methods and equipment for reducing the influence of instrumental errors on measurements by electronic total stations have been improved, namely: a method of increasing the accuracy of distance measurement by electronic total stations using the linear-angular method, a device for increasing the accuracy of distance measurements in a linear-angular way between points, the centers of which are given by the hole, a sighting target, a cross-beam reflector and a two-point sensor-vector for determining the geometric parameters of engineering structures in space. An analysis of electronic tacheometers and their use in global practice was also performed. The main technical characteristics of electronic tacheometers of various manufacturers have been summarized, the need for their correct determination on special installations has been presented.
