Kliachenko O. Рhysiological and biotechnological bases of increase of breeding efficiency of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and rape (Brassica napus L.)

The thesis is inducted to the improvement and development of finding the most informative physiological and biochemical parameters in formation of beet sugar high productiveness with the prospect biotechnological methods of the experimental haploidy, cell selection technologies in vitro of sugar beet and rape to increase of the genetic heterogeneity of breeding material and of their using in enhancing of the effectiveness of the selection process. The model of system functioning of biochemical regulation of the beet sugar seed germination, based on research of pericarps barrier function and the formation of phytoactive protective areas of the plantlets from potential competitors and pathogens was established. It was determined that the carotenoid content and value carotenoids / chlorophyll a+b may serve as markers of physiological features of the high sugar content and weight of root at different stages of plant ontogenesis. It was proved that the prolongation of life-sustaining activity and the viability of raised beet sugar leaves in the final period of growth is valuable physiological basis that is associated with increased sugar content at roots. The informative indicators of mesostructure and functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus in sugar beet plants were discovered and a set of macro- and micro- structured roots indexes, which are interrelated to their ability of sugar accumulation was established. Cultivars peculiarity of the chemical composition of organs varieties and di- and triploid hybrids of sugar beet and patterns of distribution of major mineral elements and minor plant nutrient in various areas of vascular – conducting bundle and intercircular parenchyma sugar beet roots due to the localization of sucrose were studied. The regulation of callus morphogenic processes, spatial organization and development of meristemoids, and induction in vitro of sugar beet morphogenesis were studied. The technology of sugar beet haploids obtaining from the seed germs and winter and spring rape from pollen was optimized. The phytohormones concentration in nutrient media for callusogenesis, direct regeneration and rooting of regenerated shoots was established. The schemes of cell selection in vitro of cell lines obtaining of beet sugar, which are resistant to high-temperature, pathogens of bacteriosis, and drought-, and salt resistant, and cold-and frost-, and drought-resistant winter and spring rape were developed. The biochemical changes in plantsregenerants sugar beet leaves at long-term cultivation in vitro were revealed, cluster analysis of relationship between different genotypes for the biochemical state of metabolic profile was conducted. The relationship between the synthesis of triterpene glycosides and adaptive potential of plants was shown. It can serve as markers in the primary diagnosis of sugar beet breeding material. The molecular genetic polymorphism of sugar beet genotypes, using of RAPD- and SSR-analysis was investigated.