The dissertation is devoted to the solving the scientific and technical problem of obtaining metallic nanomaterials of different structural type, namely porous, powder, one-component, composite and multilayer foils and coatings by physical vapor deposition in vacuum. The problem was solved by establishing correlation dependencies between the conditions of electron-beam deposition of the vapour phase, structural characteristics and properties of condensed nanomaterials, which allowed to create the scientific principles of the technology for the production of metallic functional nanomaterials by electron-beam evaporation in a vacuum.
It was established that the formation of nanosized structural constituents in a condensed material is provided by the low mobility of atoms on the surface of deposition, which is ensured by the supercooling of the vapor phase, the shadowing of the vapor flow and the presence of the insoluble impurity precipitate on the surface.
Nanoporous condensates based on Ni, Cu, Ti with porosity of open type up to 30%vol. and a specific surface area of up to 1000 m2/g in the form of foil and coating for use as an interlayer in the diffusion welding of materials, medical stent and transdermal form of medical preparations were obtained. A method for obtaining nanopowders encapsulated in an alkali metal halide matrix with a particle size <10 nm resistant to agglomeration and oxidation has been developed.
Condensed nanomaterials based on copper with nanotwinned substructure, characterized by hardness of 2 GPa, thermal stability of structure and physical and mechanical properties, have been obtained, which ensured their use as a component of the damping coating on the blades of gas transport engines.
By the co-deposition of vapor phase of immiscible components Cr-Y, Ti-Y, Fe-Cu nanocomposites with high strength and dissipative properties are obtained at a temperature of formation of the nanostructured state at 200-250°C higher compared to the corresponding pure metals. It is shown the possibility of using an adding material based on the nanocomposite Ni-NbC in the form of a foil to modify the structure of the weld joint when welding through a liquid phase.
The regularities of the formation by electron-beam deposition of the structure and properties of nanolayer foils on the basis of systems Ti-Al, Ni-Al, Al-Cu, Al-Si were investigated. The non-equilibrium state of multilayer foil, which is formed under conditions of overcooling of the vapor phase on the surface of deposition, provides phase and structural transformations in foil when heated and superplastic deformation during thermomechanical loading, which ensures its use as an interlayer during diffusion welding by pressure of materials that are difficult to deform and dissimilar materials.
