The methodology of determination of the desired type of animals in dairy cattle breeding is developed. According to this methodology the desired type of dairy cattle is interpreted not only by selection traits, but also by adaptation processes that occur at the population, organismal and gamete levels. The complex approach to the analysis of constitutional features of animals with alternative alleles of EAB from the point of view of adaptability taking into account traits of duration and efficiency of productive use, and also a role of markers in formation of animals with desirable qualities is expanded. A methodical approach to the analysis of breeding resources by deviation from the species level by genetic markers, which makes it possible to determine their specificity at the species level, has been developed. It is established that the most original in terms of total specificity is the gene pool of the Gray Ukrainian breed (44.1%), the least differentiated ― the gene pool of Simmentals (23.7%).
The prospects of selection work from the birth of animals with their typification by growth intensity are shown. Evaluation of young animals by growth intensity in early ontogenesis (from 0 to 3 months) allows to identify the desired type of animals depending on the priority tasks of selection in a particular herd (intensive or long-term economic use).
It was found that the cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed are not inferior in lifetime productivity to Holstein cows, but outweigh them in terms of economic use (59.0 vs. 57.1% in the farm "Khristinivske", 66.0 vs. 59.0, Р < 0.001 in the farm “Krok-UkrZalizBud”). The ambiguity of realization of productive and adaptive potential by cows of two breeds in different economic conditions was established. Analysis of variance confirmed a certain genetic conditionality of the phenotypic variability of the studied traits of duration and efficiency of economic use of cows. The influence of parentage from father (17.9%, Р < 0.001) on the frequency of stillbirth was established. According to the final criterion of the effectiveness of lifetime use of dairy cows (hopes, yield of milk fat and protein for one day of life, economic use and lactation) revealed a reliable (up to Р < 0,001) level of genetic predisposition. The influence of linear affiliation on these indicators was 7.3–15.9%, parentage from father ― 13.7–20.3%. On average, by all counted traits, linear membership determines 6,0% of the total phenotypic variability, and parentage from father ― 12,1%.
The hereditary polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 locus in the White-Headed Ukrainian breed was analyzed for the first time. 29 alleles of this locus were detected (average frequency 3.45%). With a frequency of more than 5% alleles *03, *11, *13, *15, *22, *23, *24 and also unique alleles * mdb, * iab, * gbb, * fbd, * naa, * nab were revealed. It has been established that the BoLA-DRB3.2 * 22 allele is a genetic marker of resistance to mastitis. In cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed, the milk of which is characterized by an increased content of somatic cells, the predominance (14 and 19%) of alleles of the gene BoLA-DRB3.2 *07 and *08 was revealed. These alleles are genetic markers associated with a predisposition to mastitis for this breed. The genetic structure of the White-Headed Ukrainian breed by genes associated with economically useful traits is characterized by an increased frequency of alleles CSN3A (81%), βLGB (77%), compared with alternative alleles. There is a balance in the frequencies of alleles of the GHL gene (53%) GHV (47%). In the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed the frequency of CSN3A was 0.714, and the frequency of CSN3B was 0.286 (Р < 0.001, the difference between the expected and actual distribution by the criterion χ2). In the Central intrabreed type of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed the reduced frequency of homozygotes ßLG AA (7%) was observed. At the same time in the Bukovinian factory type there is a predominance of allele A. In this type the frequency of the desired CSN3B allele is 15.5% higher than in Central intrabreed type. The concept of achieving regulated conservation of genetic diversity through targeted selection of original genetic material (embryos, gametes), which can ensure the reproduction of local breeds specifics, is developed.
