Cherniavskyi A. Thermo-catalytic processing of secondary polymer raw materials into fuel for navigation

Українська версія

Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

State registration number

0823U101121

Applicant for

Specialization

  • 161 - Хімічні технології та інженерія

20-12-2023

Specialized Academic Board

ДФ64.050.104

National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute"

Essay

Ukraine is one of the maritime states where the transportation of goods from various sectors of industry by sea is of great importance. At the same time, sustainable development of this sector of the economy is impossible without solving a number of issues, the main of which is the problem related to the production and use of high-quality fuel for shipping - marin gasoil (MGO). The main problem faced by domestic oil refineries is the lack of high-quality hydrocarbon raw materials that will be used in the production of low-sulfur marine fuels, in particular marine fuels of the MGO and LS-MGO brands. The solution to this problem lies in the expansion of the raw material base for the production of marine fuels at the expense of alternative sources of hydrocarbons - secondary raw materials represented by consumption waste. Secondary raw materials, in particular used polymer products from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP), are the raw material resource that can be used to significantly reduce the need to import both hydrocarbon raw materials and commercial marine fuels, the consumption of which in Ukraine has increased significantly in the last decade. The value of such a resource is determined by its positive properties (absence or low content of sulfur and chlorine, stability, manufacturability, hazard class, etc.), as well as significant reserves not only in different countries of the world, but also in the world ocean (for example, garbage patches). Catalytic pyrolysis is the main technological process that will allow the processing of the specified polymer raw materials into marine fuel, which, due to the selection of catalysts and variation of the technological parameters of the process (temperature and pressure), will make it possible to obtain high-quality fuel that meets the requirements of the ISO 8217:2017 standard "Petroleum products. Fuels (class F). Specifications of marine fuels". Theoretical and experimental studies related to the technological processing of secondary polymer raw materials into fuel for shipping, which meet the requirements of current regulatory and technical documents, are relevant and have determined the direction of the dissertation research. The composition and existing classification of marine fuels are determined, the main quality indicators are listed and analyzed, which, according to ISO 8217:2017, characterize the physicochemical and operational properties of marine fuels. The main sources of hydrocarbon raw materials and their processing technologies, which can be used today for the production of marine fuels in Ukraine, are considered. During practical studies, it was determined that the primary reactions of pyrolysis include the breaking of polymer chains and the formation of alkanes, olefins, and free radicals, and the secondary reactions include the interaction of products formed during the primary reactions. Control of this process is carried out, at the expense of temperature and catalysts, by reactions of the decomposition of polymer structures, synthesis of the obtained intermediate products, polycondensation and compaction, dealkylation and hydrogenation of unsaturated and aromatic compounds. In order to select materials (metals) for the pyrolysis catalyst, which will contribute to lowering the temperature of the process, increasing the yield of liquid pyrolysis products, increasing the H:C ratio in them, and reducing the content of aromatic compounds, a certain algorithm is proposed. Using this algorithm, a two-stage technology is proposed, which is based on the use, at the first stage of the process, of a mixture (1:1) of zeolite-containing catalysts Zn-H-ZSM-5/Fe-H-ZSM-5, at the second stage – a catalyst of Ni-H- ZSM-5. The group and individual chemical composition of the obtained products showed that, regardless of the polymer raw material, after the first reactor (catalyst Zn-H-ZSM-5/Fe-H-ZSM-5), the main share (37-39%) of hydrocarbons consists of olefins, naphthenes (9-13%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (18-19%). After the second reactor (Ni-H-ZSM-5 catalyst), the basis of the products are bi- and tricyclic bare-nuclear compounds of the aromatic and naphthenic-aromatic series. All compounds have a higher molecular weight (142-192 units). The pyrolysis products are practically devoid of (< 1%) olefinic hydrocarbons as a result of hydrogenation reactions. There are also virtually no aromatic hydrocarbons with long aliphatic radicals, as a result of the dealkylation reaction. In the second reactor, aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrogenated (identified as 9,10-dihydroanthracene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene, perhydrofluorene, perhydrophenanthrene and perhydroanthracene), which reduces their total content by 4%. The determined physico-chemical and operational quality indicators of the fractions, according to ISO 8217:2017, allowed them to be assigned to the brands of distillate marine fuels DMA, DFA, DMZ, DFZ, which makes it possible to produce

Research papers

Чернявський А.В., Григоров А.Б. Паливо для судноплавства, отримане з вторинної полімерної сировини / Інтегровані технології та енергозбереження. – 2022. – №4. – С. 39-45.

Чернявський А.В.. Григоров А.Б. Морське паливо з низьким вмістом сірки, перспективи виробництва в Україні / Вуглехімічний журнал. – 2022. – №5-6. – С. 23-28.

Чернявський А.В., Григоров А.Б. Диверсифікація джерел вуглеводневої сировини для виробництва моторних палив в Україні / Вуглехімічний журнал. – 2023. – №1. – С. 24-32.

Чернявський А.В., Григоров А.Б. Експлуатаційні властивості палива для судноплавства, отриманого з вторинної полімерної сировини / Інтегровані технології та енергозбереження. – 2023. – №1. – С. 33-40.

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