Bihun O. The interaction of soil and its structural components with moisture as the criterion of the physical condition of chernozem

Object - interaction of chernozem and its structural components with moisture, the degradation of the physical condition of the long-time arable chernozem. Purpose - install differences in physical and water-physical properties of chernozem under the various agricultural uses; determine the criteria for the degradation of the physical condition of chernozem by the nature of the interaction between the soil and its structural components with moisture. Methods - field and laboratory, a comparative analysis. Results of research are processed by methods of variation and correlation analyses. Theoretical results - theoretical approaches to solving scientific and practical problems of physical degradation of chernozems were proposed. The conditions manifestations of physical degradation processes in the long-time arable chernozem in the form of preferential type of movement of moisture from the transit transfer of solutes in the soil profile were identified. The relation between the character of the interaction of soil and its structural components from moisture and volumes, value and numbers of flows in the soil were investigated. Science-based new signs of soil degradation and criteria of evaluation of the physical condition of chernozem were proposed. Practical results - the ways of reducing the volume of preferential movement of water and solutions in the profile of degraded chernozem were proposed. The efficacy of soil surface mulching to reduce downstream losses of irrigation water from preferential transport during irrigation was investigated. The arguments for using agrophysical parameters (bulk density, structure of soil) in the management of soil and arable environmental monitoring and environmental monitoring reclamation of irrigated land were revealed. Novelty - the causes and mechanisms of the processes of physical degradation in chernozem were revealed, new signs of physical degradation of soil, a turbulent and transit type of move moisture and solutes were found. The relation between the type of movement of moisture in the soil and the physical status of the soil were investigated. New criteria for evaluating the degradation of the physical condition of chernozem in quantity and dynamics of the volumes of the gravitational flows in soil were proposed. The model field experiment using lysimeters original design (grid-lysimeters) was conducted. The ways of reducing the volume of preferential movement of water in the profile of degraded chernozem were proposed: optimal structures ratio (not less than 60-80 % units agronomical useful size), avoidance of water pressure formation on the surface of the soil, mulching the surface layer of soil. Degree of application - results of dissertation work are a basis for improvement of existing approaches of the complex solution of the problems of degraded soils. Results of work are recommended for use by services of State Committee of Soil Use of Ukraine, of State Agency of Water Resources of Ukraine, by branches of the State Institution "Soils Protection Institute of Ukraine" while carrying out monitoring of agricultural land. Some parts of dissertation work can be used in educational process as part of teaching disciplines on soil science and soil protection. The field is agriculture.