Husiev M. Principles of formation and development of the city landscape

Thesis research is devoted to the principles of formation and development of open spaces of cities. The typology and classification of open spaces of cities are improved, models of functional-spatial organization of the main types of open spaces of cities are developed, the general principles of formation and development and special principles of functional-spatial organization of open spaces of cities are formulated, certain receptions and practical recommendations on their organization are given. The definitions of the "open space of the city", "physical space of the city", "social space of the city" are formulated and their interrelation is analyzed; characteristic features for all open spaces of cities are established. There are three system levels of open spaces of cities - lower, middle, and higher. The analysis of scientific-theoretical and practical experience is carried out, the key aspects at their research are allocated; the analysis of the basic historical periods of formation of open spaces of cities is made and their influence on a modern condition of a question is analyzed; problems of functioning of open spaces of cities are revealed and the questions demanding research are defined. Open spaces of cities are a developed structure of flowing and interconnected spaces that perform many functions simultaneously. All of them can be divided into three groups - main, additional, and related. The main functions of open spaces of cities are decisive, additional functions - complement and diversify, make them more attractive to people and comfortable for a long stay, and related - ensure the functioning of their main and additional functions. The existing types of open spaces of cities have been improved due to the introduction of spaces (territories) without clear physical and functional organization and complex open spaces of cities, their classification, as well as the general model of functional-spatial organization of open spaces of cities and separate models of functional-spatial organization of its components, namely: streets, squares (pedestrian and transport), park and yard. The general principles of development of open spaces of cities and special principles of their functional-spatial organization and also the receptions revealing them are defined; identified the main and additional functions for such types of open spaces of cities as yard, street, square and park; recommendations on the functional-spatial organization of open spaces of cities are proposed, namely: orientation on polyfunctionality; filling with additional functions that will attract more people to the same open space of cities; restriction of automobile traffic with a priority of pedestrian traffic; expanding the number of dynamic functions (variables depending on social demand); priority development of the ecological component and recreational function; filling of open spaces with elements of improvement and the equipment for long and comfortable stay of the person in them; highlighting and enhancing the importance of historical dominants. The results of the research are implemented in the projects of open spaces of cities on the territory of Ukraine. The research considered the open spaces of large cities, but following principles and methods can be used for small and medium-sized cities.