The dissertation work is devoted to the study of the processes of growth and development, crop formation and grain quality of winter wheat varieties having various biological characteristics under the influence of the nutrition background.
The positive effect of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of winter wheat plants is determined. Its grain yield depends on the complex impact on plants by soil and climatic conditions during the growing season and agrotechnical cultivation measures. Varieties and nutrition background are powerful factors that contribute to increasing the yield and quality of winter wheat grain. On average, over the years of research, its higher level was formed by the Kolchuga variety against the background of the estimated fertilizer dose and it amounted up to 3,40 t/ha, which is 1,35 t/ha or 65,9% more compared to the non-fertilized control.
Dose of fertilizers and winter wheat varieties significantly influenced on plant height and increasing ofabove-ground mass in all the phases of plant development. Fertilizers increased the height of plant, depending on the dose or variety. The most height in all phases of winter wheat plants were noted in the cases with the calculated dose ofKolchuga fertilizers.
The use of mineral fertilizers positively affected the content of mobile NPK in the soil. To a greater extent, the number of nitrates grew in it. In seasonal dynamics, during the vegetation of wheat, the winter content of mobile nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil gradually decreases, but in fertilized versions it exceeds their number compared to the control soil.
The studied factors, in particular fertilizers, improve the quality of grain such as increasing its protein content, gluten content, weight of 1000 grains, conditional protein collection per unit area. By calculating the payback of fertilizers by increasing the yield of winter wheat grain, on average for three years of research, it was determined that its highest level ensured the application of the calculated dose of fertilizers: such as Kolchuga variety 16,5 kg of grain per 1 kg of Active Nutrient of fertilizers, and Donetska 48 variety 17,2 kg of grain per 1 kg of Active Nutrient of fertilizers. The analysis of the economic efficiency of the studied methods determined that depending on the fertilizer, the conditional net profit for the variants of the experiment for growing winter wheat of the Kolchuga variety ranges from 2569,4 (in control) up to 5765,6 UAH/ha, and the level of profitability from 71,8 % (in control) up to 112,7%.
Key words: winter wheat, varieties, fertilizers, nutrient regime, water consumption, aboveground mass, photosynthetic potential, grain yield and quality, economic and energy efficiency
