Andropova O. Formation of geometry of project space in building in solving problems of insolation

The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of technical sciences on a specialty 05.01.01 "Applied geometry, engineering graphics" - Kiev national university of building and architecture, Kiev, 2021. The dissertation is devoted to modeling the geometric shape of insolation of objects under conditions of non-violation of regulatory requirements for insolation in existing buildings and the surrounding area. The concept of "Project Space" has been introduced, within which an architect can create a new house without worrying about violations of insolation regulations on existing facilities. Construction of the design space is the inverse of the insolation calculations. The direct task is to check the impact of the already designed building on the insolation of the surrounding architectural objects. And if the new building violates the insolation standards in the existing buildings and on the sites, then there is a need to adjust, sometimes very significant, the design solution of the new building, and sometimes even to abandon its construction altogether. Solving the inverse problem - geometric modeling of the design space of future construction, allows you to optimize the effort and time for project implementation and further construction. Developed methods of geometric modeling of the design space of a new building or group of buildings and areas in existing buildings make it possible at the initial stages of design to take into account urban insolation constraints that affect the project. Two models and algorithms for constructing the geometric shape of the projected object with the help of a solar map have been developed: determining the maximum marks of sections with a known plan of a new house and determining the shape of the project space above the building site. In the dissertation the analysis of the basic methods of calculation of insolation is carried out, differences of methods, their lacks and advantages are shown. It is established that in insolation calculations it is considered that the insolation time of the premises is equal to the insolation time of a certain calculation point of insolation (CPI), which is most often taken in the center of the aperture. However, there are cases when RT is not insolated, but the sun's rays enter the room, crossing a certain boundary surface of insolation within the aperture (BSI), so the room is insolated. This leads to errors. In this regard, a mathematical model of space transformation has been developed, in which BSI is compressed in CPI, and the surrounding shading elements will take the form in which the duration of CPI insolation is equal to the duration of BSI insolation. This makes it possible to determine the total duration of insolation based on solar maps. To implement the transformation of space in computer programs developed a mathematical model of the transformation of space, which allowed to automate the construction of maximum shading map, provided an analysis of constructions for different types of openings. Examples of constructions are created in the Mathematica software package. A mathematical model of the construction of a shadow mask of an opening on the celestial sphere and its projection on a horizontal plane with the center of projection in the nadir is developed. This model is implemented in the Mathematica software package. An algorithm for selecting the simplest method of calculating insolation depending on the initial conditions is proposed. A method of constructing a project space using the boundary surface of insolation is proposed. A model for constructing reflections of sunlight from building facades to obtain zones of overheating in the environment has been developed. Based on the selection from the congruence of reflected rays of the surfaces of rays reflected from the flat lines of generatrises on the analytical surfaces of reflectors, a mathematical model of reflections of sunlight from different types of reflective screens is proposed. This model is used to model areas of overheating of premises or building areas by reflected sunlight from the surfaces of facades.