Anokhov S. Ground and development of singular model of diffraction.

This thesis is devoted to the development of the unconventional approach towards diffraction of electromagnetic waves on two-dimensional apertures. The approach is based on the new wave interpretation of Sommerfeld's rigorous solution of the problem of diffraction of a plane waves by the perfectly conducting half-plane. In particular, the wave, diffracted in forward direction, is a superposition of two more simple waves. One is the plane wave like to the incident wave having twice lower amplitude, while the another is similar in amplitude quasi-plane infinite wave which front is distorted by the edge dislocation expanding along the boundary of geometrical shadow. The approaches towards theoretical and experimental analysis of the phenomenon have been developed in the thesis are oriented towards the exhaustively accurate and complete representation of the field formed at diffraction of a real light beam on a real two-dimensional aperture. The advantages of this new approach include capability to solve t he problems of high complexity, in particular, the calculations of diffraction fields at observation angles beyond the limits of paraxial area, diffraction of complex arbitrarily oriented wave on two-dimensional apertures of arbitrary shape, analysis of optical transforms of diffracted beams and so on.