The dissertation considers solution of the environmental problems in water body protection against pollution as illustrated by the Mykolaiv region. It includes monitoring of the state of the water body and development of low-waste water treatment and purification technologies ensuring the rational use of water resources.
It was presented the results of analysis of the indicators of hydroecosystem pollution based on the data provided by the monitoring services of the Mykolaiv region over the past 12 years. The alternative studies have shown a high level of chlorides, iron, and chemical oxygen demand in the Ingul River, Southern Bug River, and Bug Estuary, which attests to pollution both by undertreated wastewater and rainwater.
The conditions for obtaining coagulants from the slurry produced by the Mykolaiv Alumina Refinery and the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera were defined. The coagulants’ efficiency in clarification, discoloration, and decontamination of model solutions and natural waters is determined. Hence, application of sodium aluminate, magnesite and other reagents is proved to enhance the efficiency of water softening and ensure its robust purification from sulfates. Besides, it is shown that the use of strongly and weakly acidic cation exchangers or their mixtures provides deep water softening, while anion exchangers in the alkaline and carbonate forms promote water softening and purification from sulphates and chlorides. It also proposes brand new low-waste technological schemes of water softening and desalting.
The research on the content and distribution of heavy metals in the Bug Estuary waters were rendered. First, it specifies the pattern of heavy metals distribution in the components of the estuary ecosystem, including the water environment, natural suspensions, bottom deposits, and hydrobionts. The correlation between the content of heavy metals and the content of phosphates in water is determined. It is established how eutrophication and pollution with heavy metals are associated with mass fish mortality in the Bug Estuary. The dissertation then proposes options of upgrading the mechanism for preventing the water body eutrophication and reducing the content of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem. The processes of ion-exchange extraction of heavy metals from water have been studied for the creation of water purification technologies at organization of zero-discharge water utilization systems in the electroplating industry. Next, the conditions for electrochemical reduction of heavy metals from acidic and saline solutions are specified. The parameters of metal extraction from the solutions of metal mixtures are established, as are the conditions for metal separation through controlling the solution’s acidity. There are developed the principal schemes of low-waste technologies for water purification from heavy metal ions, which are used at organization of zero-discharge water utilization systems in the electroplating industry.
The research on the performance of the effective microorganisms (EM) technology employing the biological product “Tamir” for the wastewater purification at a dairy processing plant is presented. There has been conducted a series of wastewater treatment experiments for various public utility providers. As evidenced by the research results, “Tamir” improves the organoleptic characteristics of water quality (such as color, odor and transparency), as well as the chemical indicators: chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, (reduced) concentration of organic substances, fats, ammonia nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, and suspended matter. Biotesting has justified the possibility of using the EM technologies as an active tool for biodegradation of petroleum products at the pollution of the water environment.
The processes of water purification from nitrates, phosphates and sulphates with the help of weakly and strongly basic anion exchangers in the saline and alkaline forms were examined. There have been developed principal technological schemes of low-waste technologies for water purification from nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, which are based on the use of ion-exchange filters.
Key words: water circulation systems, electrolysis, corrosion inhibitors, ion exchange, coagulants, hydroecosystem monitoring, regenerants, effective microorganisms technology.
