Khomenko S. Plant-breeding and genetic improvement of bread and durum spring wheat in environment of Ukrainian Forest-Steppe

Object of study: patterns of recombination processes with intraspecific and interspecific crosses, the effectiveness of breding in hybridization of wheat with different growth habit; features of variability and inheritance of valuable economic traits; the formation and manifestation of resistance to adverse environmental factors in breeding bread and durum spring wheat. Methods: field, laboratory, and statistical. Results: 16 high-yielding varieties of bread and durum spring wheat have been created in collaboration 10 of which are included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine, their cultivated areas in production accounted for 2015-2017 more than 15,000 hectares. Nine samples of spring wheat were registered at the NCPGRU which are sources of economically valuable traits. Sources of adaptive traits have been identified and new source material has been created, which is used in the practical breeding of MIW and recommended for other breeding institutions. The descriptive collections of spring bread wheat and spring durum wheat for resistance to fungal leaf diseases were formed and registered at the NCPGRU. Novelty: features of collection samples of bread and durum spring wheat of various ecological and geographical origin were revealed; inheritance according to the degree of phenotypic domination of productivity traits, general and specific combining ability of varieties was established, and sources of elements of of productivity of bread spring wheat in the conditions of Forest-Steppe and Polissia of Ukraine were identified; highly productive, resistant to the most common diseases, with high grain quality, adapted to the local growing conditions the bread spring wheat varieties Simkoda myronivska, MIP Zlata, Dubravka, MIP Svitlana, MIP Dana have been created; the effectiveness of interspecific crosses T. aestivum L. and T. durum Desf. in breeding process was theoretically substantiated and proved. The possibility of overcoming the incompatibitlity of durum and bread wheat and the creation on this basis of spring wheat lines and the variety Diana with high productivity potential, grain quality and disease resistance was determined; the expediency of comprehensive assessment of the drought resistance of spring wheat has been proved which is confirmed by the creation of drought-resistant lines and varieties MIP Zlata, Oksamyt myronivskyi, MIP Raiduzhna put on into the Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine for the Steppe zone; the criteria for the selection of economically valuable forms are determined on the basis of the regularities of the influence of weather factors and genotype on yield, plant height and the duration of the growing season. Fielf of use: agriculture.