The analysis of researches of mining complexes influence during gravel production on the state of the environment is presented. The factors of mining complexes influence during gravel production on the environment are determined. It has been established that with the whole technological chain of gravel production, mass explosions have the greatest impact on the environment.
The ecological situation around the mining complexes for the gravel production has been studied. In particular, the impact of blasting on the state of atmospheric air has been evaluated. The dependence of the radiation background on the height of the open-pit ledge has been set. It has been determined that the gamma background of the waste open-pit space increases with the deepening of the open-pit. The process of dust dispersion from the rock dump and the ecological state of the soils of the territories adjacent to the rock dumps have been studied based on bioindication. The dependence of the number of chromosomal pathologies of the indicator plants on the distance from the granite quarry dump has been set. It has been determined that the main types of aberrations in the meristematic root cells of selected test objects are deletions and translocations.
Mathematical modeling of the explosive destruction of rocks using the charge design, which provides for the formation of a radial gap around the charge and filling it with an inert substance, to control dust formation and quality of rock mass has been held based on an adapted model of Lyakhov G. The pattern of pressure waves passage during blasting depending on the acoustic stiffness of the gap between the charge and the wall of the well and its magnitude has been set. It has been determined that with an increase in the acoustic stiffness of the filler the peak of pressure in the zone closest to the charge decreases.
The design of the stemming, which involves a two-stage purification from harmful gases, formed during the explosive destruction of rocks, and is based on the chemisorption of gases by quicklime or production waste, which includes it, and physico-chemical sorption (adsorption) by zeolites, has been developed. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the adsorbent in the stemming of a well depending on the type of explosive, the amount and type of harmful gases, formed during the explosion, and the parameters of the well have been obtained.
The effect of explosives composition on the amount of harmful gases and the efficiency of blasting operations in quarries has been researched. The pattern of change in the quantity of nitric oxide, formed during an explosion, depending on the chemical composition of diesel fuel in an explosive has been set. It allows changing the oxygen balance and, accordingly, the amount of gases, formed during explosions. Approaches to the assessment of the impact of explosives on the environment and the choice of explosives for blasting in quarries are proposed.
The algorithm for the target evaluation of blockiness and fracturing of the rock massif, which, in addition to the blocks sizes and the measure of fracturing, takes into account shape and orientation of the blocks, the direction of the extension and fall of the cracks, has been developed. An approach to determining rational distances between charges in a row and between rows has been further developed. It differs from the well-known ones in that it takes into account, apart from the efficiency of working of the ledge, the configuration of the crushing zone, which is typical for fractured rock massifs, its size, for cases of rectangular and chess nets of charge locations.
