Yatsenko K. Mechanisms of organic brain damages and methods to correct them

We analyzed the pathogenetic mechanisms of periventricular (PVL) leukomalacia and studied the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the morphological and functional state of the child's CNS in organic brain damages. On in vivo model of PVL we showed that PVL causes damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers (degradation of the myelin basic protein) and, accordingly, oligodendrocytes and also reactive gliosis — an activation of astrocytes and microglial cells. For the first time, on the developed in vitro model of PVL we showed that the combined action of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has the most damaging effect on nervous tissue compared to each of these factors alone. The combined action of OGD and LPS leads to a significant release of lactate dehydrogenase into the culture medium, degradation of the myelin basic protein, which indicates damage to cerebral white matter, and causes severe reactive astro- and microgliosis in organotypic culture of brain slices. For the first time, in short-term culture of dissociated hippocampal cells, direct current stimulation has been shown to increase normal metabolic activity of neural cells and prevent their damage in modeling the neuroinflammation, as well as directly affect neuritogenesis and stabilize the state of neural cells. Analysis of EEG data from patients with organic brain damages showed that tDCS leads to pronounced positive dynamics of EEG parameters. It is shown that the positive dynamics of electroneuromyographic parameters after the course of tDCS indicates an improvement in the functional state of the neuromuscular apparatus. It is demonstrated that tDCS in patients with organic brain damages provides a positive dynamics of transcranial Doppler of the brain blood vessels. The obtained results give grounds to assert the expediency of using transcranial direct current stimulation in the complex rehabilitation of children with organic brain damages.