The dissertation provides a theoretical justification and practical solution to the scientific problem of stable crop production, through the management of the crops production process for the introduction of adaptive technologies for their cultivation, introduction of innovative nanodrugs in plant growing technology, production and preservation of high quality seeds with harmonization of proposed measures and their possible stress.
Object of research: the processes of formation of stable yield, marketable and seed quality of seeds for the introduction of adaptive and innovative technologies for growing crops; the impact of nanopreparations on the growth and development of crops; formation and preservation of seeds of agricultural crops.
Subject of research: soybeans, nanopreparations, sugar beets, durum wheat, yield, stress resistance, seed properties: germination, germination energy, durability, quality, injury.
The proposed adaptive technologies of soybean cultivation contribute to the stable yields formation and specified product quality. The efficiency of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis functioning, yield formation, seed quality, structure and yield index is established; physiological and economic expediency of increasing norms of nitrogen application in combination with drugs for seed inoculation is substantiated.
High efficiency of pre-sowing seeds preparation by application of physical, chemical and biological methods is proved. Was established the efficiency of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis functioning of soybeans variety Annushka with seed inoculation for nitrogen doses from N0 to N60 on the background of P60K60 – biomass of nodule bacteria is 418–675 mg/plant, compared to the absolute control – 101 mg/plant. The application of N90P60K60 significantly reduces the number and mass of nodule bacteria – 207–241; N120P60K60 – 32,0–42,0 mg/plant, and with the introduction of P60K60 + N150–180 nodule bacteria are not formed, the effectiveness of microbiological drugs is not fixed, and the formation of yield occurs only through the introduction of nutrients. Nitrogenase activity with the introduction of N0-90 on the background of P60K60 and inoculum ranged from 3,25 to 7,76 per 2,15 μmol C2H4/h/h in absolute control; for the application of N120P60K60 – 2,22–2,27 μmol C2H4/plant/hour. With a further increase in nitrogen levels, nitrogenase activity was not recorded.
Soybean yield varies from 1,21 to 4,88 t/ha depending on the doses of fertilizers, inoculation, weather conditions. On average, the highest yield is formed by applying N60P60K60 and pre-sowing seeds treatment by rhizohumin or a combination of rhizohumin and hetomy. With nitrogen levels increasing and seed inoculation, there is a partial yield decrease: P60K60 – 2,24–2,36; P60K60 + N30 – 2,80–3,16; P60K60 + N60–90 – 3,80–4,18; P60K60 + N120–180 – 3,33–3,64 t/ha compared to the absolute control – 1,96; control + inoculation – 2,08–2,20 t/ha. With the application of P60K60N150–180, there is a partial decrease in soybean yield due to the distress effect during the growing season.
The soybean yield index has a parabolic dependence on the rate of fertilizers and this dependence is similar in seeds pre-sowing treatment by rhizohumin, hetomic or a combination thereof. In the control version, the yield index is low due to a lack of nutrients and differentiation of a small number of generative organs. With the application of N150P60K60 and N180P60K60, the yield index decreases due to the formation of a significant vegetative mass, lengthening the growing season and the formation of a significant number of seeds that do not ripen.
The multifunctional use of nanopreparations in Plant Growing is shown. The results of researches on the multifunctional influence of nanoparticles on growth and development, the process of productivity and production quality of field crops formation, accumulation of pharmacologically valuable substances in seeds under the action of nanopreparations, the mechanism of increase plants resistance to stresses, pathogens, technological solutions for the use of nanopreparations for growing crops have been developed. Prerequisites and technological solutions for the formation of the seeds of agricultural crops with high sowing and yielding properties depending on species characteristics, weather conditions, nutrition, use of regulating substances in the cultivation of mother plants, and their manifestation in the aftereffect. Factors that determine the quality, durability, seed traction are substantiated.
The economic and energy substantiation of efficiency of the developed technological measures is given.
Keywords: soybeans, sugar beets, durum wheat, bread wheat, yield, grain quality, nodule bacteria, nanofertilizers, inoculants, stress, sowing and yield properties of seeds, seed variability, seed longevity, seed injury.
