The increase in the number of vehicles, especially private ones, leads to an increase in the objects of automobile infrastructure, which include: road network, gas stations, parking lots, car washes, service stations. This situation leads to a dense filling of the city with objects of the motor transport complex. As a result, zones of high concentrations of harmful substances are formed near residential buildings both in the surface layer of the atmosphere and in the soil and vegetation cover.
Therefore, in order to ensure ecological safety, sustainable balanced development of society and the biosphere, minimization of harmful impact on the environment by motor transport, it is necessary to monitor the modern man-caused load on the environment created by motor transport infrastructure; precise assessment of environmental risks associated with the activities of these facilities; scientific substantiation of measures to increase the environmental safety of the impact of road infrastructure.
The purpose of the dissertation work is to improve environmental safety and monitor the impact of road transport infrastructure on the environment by substantiating recommendations and proposals, taking into account the study of the modern state of the components of the urban environment around such objects.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
1. To analyse the current state of harmful effects of road transport infrastructure facilities on the surrounding areas of cities in order to identify ways to improve their environmental safety.
2. Establish the dependencies of changes in urbosystems pollution indicators on the load of road transport infrastructure facilities based on pilot studies.
3. Develop a mathematical model of anthropogenic load and distribution of impurities in areas of direct impact of sources of anthropogenic pollution.
4. Justify recommendations and proposals to improve environmental safety by the influence of road transport infrastructure based on a study of the current state of the components of the urban environment around such facilities and the environmental risk caused by man-made air pollution
For the first time:
– to assess the level of environmental safety of the environment in the area of exposure to road transport infrastructure facilities, based on the results of an integrated geochemical, lichenological, phytological and aeromonitoring study, new dependencies of pollution indicators on man-made loads from road transport infrastructure facilities were established;
– spatial models of the dispersion of these impurities, taking into account the direction of wind oriented to residential development, have been developed in order to clarify the areas of local concentration of the main environmental pollutants in the urban roadside and in the adjacent areas to the transport infrastructure;
– in order to reduce pollution from car wash complexes, in particular, the ingress of synthetic detergents into soils, groundwater, surface water and groundwater, the composition of the means for washing vehicles where sorbitanoleate is - 5-6%, sodium lauryl sulfate - 2%, potash soap - 1-2%, sodium gluconate - 5-10%, biobutanol - up to 5%, which ensures the quality of cleaning of detergent surfaces due to a combination of surfactants obtained exclusively from reducing raw materials.
The second section presents an algorithm for assessing the geoecological state, in particular, contamination of individual natural media by their chemical composition and properties, which allows giving an integral assessment of the ecological state of the territory around the objects of the transport complex over the entire set of parametric data. A logical scheme for conducting research adapted to the tasks of dissertation work has been formed.
A comprehensive geochemical and bioindicative study of the state of roadside ecosystems around road infrastructure facilities was carried out. Indicators of snow and ground cover contamination are determined; estimated purity of atmospheric air of park areas by method of lichenoindication; The level of soil contamination is determined by the phytoxicity indicator.
According to the obtained experimental data, the pollution of snow and ground cover was estimated according to the acidity indicator and dust load, namely, snow samples have an alkaline and weakly alkaline reaction of the medium (pH varies from 8.0 to 10.75) with an optimal range of acidity of the medium for surface waters of 5.0-7.5 pH units; volumes of dust load directly near the roadway are 6-11 kg/( km2 days), while 1.58 kg/( km2 days) is determined in the background sample. And soil pollution indicators by acidity vary within 0.75-0.95 (up to 5 m from the source of exposure), however, by sulfate-chloride content - the indicators are worse (within 3.55-4.35).
