Vojnarovs'kyj V. Ancient curring on the territory of Ukraine according to archeological data

Українська версія

Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Sciences (CSc)

State registration number

0402U001540

Thesis Registration Form

0402U001540.pdf

Applicant for

Specialization

  • 07.00.04 - Археологія

21-05-2002

Specialized Academic Board

Д 26.234.01

NAS Institute of Archaeology

Essay

Due to the lack of the end product - leather and indefinite archeological features of curring, researchers often pessimistic ally treat the level of the development of hide production in different periods of the ancient history. On the whole, this leads to underestimation of hide production in the system of the economy of primitive societis, particularly taking into account an extraordinary important role and spreading of leather and its wares in all spheres of life and activities of the ancient populations. The researched curring complex of the Chernyakhiv culture of the III-IV cent. A.D. Dobrynivtsi-I in Bukovyna is the basis of the work. The currying specialization centre of the XV-XVI cent. A.D. in the excavate "Perun" in Lviv (investigation of the author in cooperation) is used as a standard monument. The main currying artefacts of these archeological complexes are large workshops and working places for currying hide, a stove for burning lime, the area and the pit for its slacking, big pits-vatsofa circular and 8-shaped types, 1 m deep, usually with one inclined wall and a frame of logs-vats with the basic bottom for ashing and tanning hides which are dug in heavy water-impassable glay basic clays, small pits and tubs for preparing solutions, special warmth-devices, work areas, metal, bone and stone tools. The production centres are situated beyond the housing zone, closer to springs of the flow water. Next to them are discovered artificial hydrotechnical structures for the accumulation of water, ancient lime quarry, places of mining chalk and gypsum. In Lviv there are deposits of limestone and capacities for preserving slacked lime, are found hundreds bits of leather, on the both complexes are discovered layers of oak bark and waste ash and oak mixtures. The paleoeconomic analysis of the Dobrynivtsi complex made it possible to reconstruct the main links of the technological process of currying hide which was curried there during a season (350 cattle hides, not less than 1000 hides of small animals),to consider the Dobrynivtsi workshops as objects of a specialized craft (production and professional levels of specialization) where the curried hide was a goods product for mainly exterior markets. The analysis of the Dobrynivtsi material and supplementing it with objects with the features of currying from other monuments of Northern Bukovyna of I mill. A.D. make it possible to state a traditional character of currying as an important branch of production in the region. For the late Roman period Bukovyna is distin-quished as a component of a wider middle-Dnister economic area of III-IV cent. A.D. A number of archeological features of hide production (stationary and mobile) and scale of the levels of its specialization (home production - production specialization - professional specialization - domestic specialization) which are defined by the author, made it possible to interpret (and reinterpret) as currying the dozens of objects, centres and complexes which were investigated on the territory of Ukraine from the Neolit to the late Middle Ages, to determine the degree of specialization of currying hide in the bearers of cultures of different ages, to confirm the written data on leather as an important part of the local export. The author dates the rise of constant elements of specialization in hide production back to II mill. B.C. and correlates it with the separation of craft in general with the appearance of bronze, prestige things and metal weapons, with the change in the political and social structure of the society. Existence of large workshops for currying hide, a large number of currying tools and their complete assortment were discovered in many cultures of the Bronze epoch - early Iron ages. Ash hills which were widely spread in those times are an important feature of hide production (accumulating ash for ashing hides). It is possible to reconstruct several levels of the specialization of hide production in the last centuries of I mill. A.D. It is home production with the elements of commodity and specialization in the late La Ten and early Roman periods and simple home non-specialized production in the early Middle Ages. Such levels of the development of hide production correspond to the political and economic situation in concrete periods of the history of Ukraine. The influence of Celtic and Antique worlds, the existence of a wide domestic market and demand for a materials led to the appearance of elements of commodity and specialization in hide production (producing on the community order and the domestic market) in the barbarian world. The stable political situation in IV cent. A.D. in the condition of "Hermanarich state", the existence of many specialized crafts in the cultures of the late Roman period, the influence of the antique world, the increase of demand, the open foreign market, money circulation led to production and professional specializations of currying in many regions of Ukraine, production of leather for the market (currying workshops and centres, wide nomenclature of tools). Politicalperturbations of the early Middle Ages, absence of the demand and market (or its narrowing to the bounds of local), naturalization of the economy led to narrowing the hide production to the limits of the concrete home economy. Currying hide was separated in to a special branch of craft in IX century but a public craft in the frames of public craft centres. Since X-XI cent. hide production reaches the level of specialization. Currying instruments disappear from dwellings of that time, isolated pits beside the buildings have no more features of wet hide currying. The curry of hide is carried out to the production outlying areas of the settlements. Obviously, since XI cent. shoe-craft separates from curring. XII-XIII cent. is a period of specialized professional currying in the frames of the public, private and town craft. The inside (inner-branch) specialization of the hide production extends: fur currying and strap-craft become separate branches, appear red-hide production, manufacture of parchment and so on.The real level and importance of hide production for the development of primitive and early-class societies can be determined only by efforts of many humanitarian and natural sciences.

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