Ivanchuk V. Essence and peculiarities of the formation of the concept of alienation in the existential and neo-Marxist philosophy of the XX century

The dissertation focuses on the historical essence and peculiarities of the formation of the concept of alienation in the discourse of existential and neo-Marxist philosophy of the twentieth century. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the research arose from a critical generalization of the historiography of contemporary conceptualization of alienation and the development of a comprehensive methodology of historical and philosophical analysis of the discourse of alienation. An overview of the scientific literature on the subject of research allowed to reveal the ontological dimension of the phenomenology of alienation in the modern universal scientific discourse of identity, which contradicts the tendency to rethinking the alienation in the context of deepening crisis phenomena in the modern world. Historical and philosophical reconstruction of ways to understand the alienation of a person in the conditions of an industrial society, represented by discourses of existential and neo-Marxist philosophy, must be realized as the hermeneutics of semantic and functional correlations between the above-mentioned concepts of alienation, which will outline the ontology of alienation in the conditions of post-industrial transformation of society. The methodology of such hermeneutics combines methods of discourse analysis with a sociological approach within the framework of intellectual history. The study of the genesis of the philosophical discourse of alienation has made it possible to specify the content of the conceptualization of alienation by G. Hegel as a key element of his phenomenology of spirit and to determine the essential differences between the methods of reception of this concept, carried out by K. Marx and S. Kierkegaard. Two horizons of correlation between the theory of alienation of the essential forces of man K. Marx and the ideas of S. Kierkegaard about the authentic existence of the personality are found: the critique and reception horizon of the Hegelian discourse of alienation and the horizons of the direction of philosophizing from speculative reflection to a particular analyst. It has been found out that the notion of alienation in the philosophy of Marx has a special semantic-functional status, since it is based on the disassociation of the Hegelian theory as an alienated image of live thinking in the language of speculative reflection. The Marxist line of philosophical discourse of alienation is based on the historization of the transcendental subject and the leveling of the individualistic interpretation of subjectivity. It is shown that the existential line of the philosophical discourse of alienation, initiated by S. Kierkegaard, unfolds as an individualistic critique of the Hegelian speculative ontology. The conceptual synthesis of the existential statement of the question of the meaning of personal existence with the concepts of phenomenology and hermeneutics, carried out by K. Jaspers and M. Heidegger, led to the ontologization of alienation as an element of the ecstatic mode of human personal becoming. The correlations of the philosophical discourse of alienation with tangent forms of intellectual culture: artistic prose, poetry, and art were studied. It is shown that art itself is a key form of overcoming alienation in creativity as a mode of individual freedom. It was shown that the development of neo-Marxism was due to the desire for a conceptual update of the orthodox "political economy" line of Marxism, one of its sources of which was the existential philosophy. The theme of alienation formed the horizon of the synthesis of Dasein-analysts with the Marxist social ontology, carried out in the modes of reception (G. Marcuse) and critics (T. Adorno) of the fundamental ontology of M. Heidegger. It is revealed that the peculiarities of the existentialist reception of Marxism are related to the radical interpretation of the individual freedom of the individual, the limitation of the horizon of the specificity of the theory to the measurement of individual consciousness, and the preservation of the contrast of essence and existence in human existence. The critical hermeneutics of postmodern modifications of the concept of alienation allowed us to establish that such key areas of postmodern thinking, such as deconstruction, schizoanalysis, genealogy of power-knowledge, phenomenology of simulacres, grew up on the basis of the conceptualization of alienation in existential and neo-Marxist philosophy.