The dissertation work is aimed at studying loneliness in the diversity of all its forms, in the ambiguity that was reflected in the philosophical thought of the 19th - 20th centuries. The study examines existential and psychoanalytic discourse aimed at studying both empirical and ontological models of loneliness, as well as its conceptual prerequisites. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that awareness of the depth of the problem caused by the experience of existential loneliness is becoming one of the most important topics of our time. In ontological terms, loneliness appears as a horizon of human life that creates its meaning, but at the same time is one of the most acutely experienced and always relevant problems of existence. We can talk about the totality of manifestations of loneliness, because the number of people who experience its destructive effects, only increases every year.
Thanks to a comparative study of existential and psychoanalytic discourse, it was possible to clarify the deep (according to M. Heidegger) meaning of the phenomenon of "existential loneliness" and introduce the term "destructuring by loneliness", which shows the internal process of human self-destruction, represents the self-alienation of existence and the separation of a person from its authentic nature of being; in this approach, the term “destructuring loneliness” is introduced and its content and reception in philosophy and culture of the twentieth century are analyzed; the destructive influence of existential loneliness on the perception of the world and self-awareness, the destruction of the spiritual landscape of the personality are shown.
It is proved that the concept of "loneliness" in the twentieth century can be described as one of the key existentials; clarification of the essence of the phenomenon of destructuring loneliness in different types of psychoanalytic discourse showed that destructuring by loneliness creates a danger of loss of identity, provoking states in which the "I" is repressed (that is, first, an acute experience of loneliness, isolation and alienation is formed, and then - inadequate restoration of the ability to adapt in the outside world as a "false I"); found that a severe form of destructuring loneliness factually means disorder, emptiness, death.
A comparative analysis of the myths about loneliness in the context of psychoanalytic theories is conducted and the reconstruction of the mythological foundations of the concept of loneliness in the works of C. Jung and A. Camus in the context of existential philosophical trends of the twentieth century is carried out, which allowed to formulate the essence of the perception of the ancient Homo solus as a subject associated with the problems of existential analysis of loneliness.
It is shown that most of the works of E. Fromm, a representative of psychoanalytic philosophy, are distinguished by special existential attention to the phenomenon of loneliness; this approach revealed the similarity of his ideas about the essence of the concept of "existential loneliness" with the views of the neo-Freudians; it is found that they define loneliness as a complex of phenomena that destruct the personality; in this context, the original position of F. Fromm-Reichman is analyzed and it is revealed that the concept of "loneliness" in the philosophical and psychoanalytic paradigm is of particular importance for understanding the phenomenon of destructuring loneliness.
At the same time, a person experiences severe existential and mental states that border on insanity. The state of forced loneliness against one’s will has become one’s way of life, encourages a person to rethink the existential foundations of being, to recognize the inevitability of loneliness as an existential. Self-understanding, accompanied by another phenomenological perception of the world, represents a kind of splitting, duality, since a person is somehow forced to “double” himself, artificially “overcome” loneliness, creating an illusory Other.
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