Stepanchuk V. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Ukraine (key problems).

Українська версія

Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc)

State registration number

0508U000128

Thesis Registration Form

0508U000128.pdf

Applicant for

Specialization

  • 07.00.04 - Археологія

10-03-2008

Specialized Academic Board

Д 26.234.01

NAS Institute of Archaeology

Essay

Dissertation summarizes data on Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Ukraine and sys-tematically analyzes clue problems of studies on this period in frames of "man -environ-ment" paradigm. The lower limit of Ukrainian Lower Palaeolithic is currently determined by the age of the most early authentic sites in Transcarpathia, which age is ranged around 1 ma ago. The upper limit of regional Middle Paleolithic is determinated at the rate of ~30 ka BP. Trinomial periodizatin scheme is proposed for Palaeolithic of Ukraine which compose Lower (~1 ma.-300 (450/300) ka BP), Middle (300-30 (450/300-50/30) ka BP), and Upper Palaeolithic (30-13 (50/30-13) ka BP) periods. It cannot be excluded that proper industries and their bearers can survive beyond these boundaries. Early (~450/300-~130/100 ka) and late (~130/100-~50/30) stages are distinguished within the frameworks of Middle Palaeo-lithic. Chronological frames of Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition are determined between 50 and 30 ka BP. Climatic conditions during the time of existence of Ukrainian Lower and Middle Palaeolithic were not homogeneous. Global climatic shifts had resulted in repeated changes of paleolandscapes, composition of flora and fauna. Environmental shifts and consequent changes in availability of natural resources di-rectly affect the basic aspects of living activity of ancient population. Mineral and biologi-cal resources were not overall throughout the territory of the country in course of LP and MP. Besides, there were objective difficulties in their supply, as a function of global and seasonal climatic rhythms. The most comfort and, consequently, the most rich in mineral and bioresources and, hence, attractive for settling were zones of crossed foothills and elevated landscapes in extreme south and west of territory of modern Ukraine. Data on 55 Ukrainian Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sites in detail regarded in the dissertation and served as a base for further analytical procedures and reconstruction. Principle of territorial patterning was applied in this work for spatial systematization of Middle Palaeolithic data. New variant of multi-level classification of Middle Palaeolithic industries of Ukraine is elaborated. Notion of high diversity of Ukrainian Middle Palaeolithic is commonly adopted, however the causes of this variability remain controversial. A row of explanatory hypo-thesis were critically tested against data provided by Ukrainian Middle Palaeolithic re-cords. The notion is argued as the system "man-environment" is indissoluble, explanation of variability should indispensably be complex and taking into account both "ecological" and "human" factors. These factors seems to be hierarchical; stylistic or paleoethnological factor is evaluated as leading, at least during the late stage of Middle Palaeolithic. Ecological and tightly associated demographic factors were played as guide agenda in processes of peopling and colonization of new territories. Rhythmic climatic fluctuations in Pleistocene were accompanied by repeated landscape-climatic alterations and related changes of resource base. Plurality of environmental changes had affected the rhythmic nature of repeated colonization and consequent depopulation of habitats. This fact, along-side with areal pattern of localization of territories with most rich and predictable mineral and biological resources define the area pulsing way of peopling of the country in Middle Palaeolithic. As it is argued, there are grounds to involve some predictions of universal model of traditional hunter-gatherers for reconstruction of Neanderthal society. Mainly based on Ukrainian MP records verification of basic features of Neanderthal society against traditional hunter-gatherer societies allows to conclude about a row of common signs, these are: traditionalism and conservatism, strength rates, cycles of concentration vs. dispersion, territoriality, and, probably, regularity of inter-band contacts. Outline of Neanderthal way of life is argued. There are certain grounds to suppose rather close liaisons between members of band, and presence of complicated denotation-symbolic system, reflecting specificity of world view. The late stage of Middle Palaeolithic provides some material signs of individual self-perception. Neanderthals were skilled in construction activity, widely used fire and were known in technologies of its protection and renewal, produced various wooden tools, were familiar with technology of composite implements etc. As it is argued, transitional period was characterized by coexistence of three types of industries, namely: Middle Palaeolithic, true Upper Palaeolithic, and Archaic (or symbiotic) Upper Palaeolithic. This latter, as it supposed, represents a product of limited contacts between aboriginal Neanderthal population and intrusive groups of modern humans. Accordingly to recent radiocarbon chronology data for some Crimean multilayered MP sites, ultimate Neanderthals on the extreme south of Ukraine might survived beyond as late date as 25 ka BP. Key words: Lower and Middle Palaeolithic, periodization, chronology, standard sites, accessibility of vital resources, industrial variability, dynamic of peopling, social reconstruction, Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition, Ukraine, Eastern Europe.

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Dodatky--Dodatok D.doc

Dodatky--Dodatok E.doc

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Dodatky--Dodatok L.doc

Dodatky--Dodatok M.doc

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Illustrac--Perel.illustrac.doc

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Literatura.doc

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