The study is devoted to the problem of captivity. The paper gives a brief overview of the genesis of the problem of treatment of prisoners and prisoners of war, identifies the psychological features of the treatment of prisoners of war, both by the enemy and by their own country at different stages of its cultural and historical development.
To solve the tasks set in the study, 694 former prisoners of war were examined, who were released from military captivity over 2015-2019.
From the total number of persons under study (n = 694), 643 persons (92.7%) are military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and 51 persons (7.3%) are fighters of volunteer battalions (“dobrobativtsi”).
The conducted analysis made it possible to divide the modern military captivity into three main types: 1. Military captivity by the psychological type “military unit” (unit staffed by military personnel of the active army of the Russian Federation). 2. Military captivity by the psychological type "unit of professional mercenaries" 3. Military captivity by the psychological type "gang formations" (formed from the criminal elements and local residents).
It has been found that each military man who was captured during the hostilities subsequently passed 4 main stages of military captivity: I stage - the stage of being captured and transported to the place of constant detention; II stage - the stage of the first interrogation; III stage - the stage of direct detention in captivity; stage IV - the stage of exchange of prisoners and returning home.
Based on the conducted analysis, it has been found that the process of being in the prisoner of war status has certain phases of development: I phase is the phase of vital reactions. II phase - the phase of shock with manifestations of super-mobilization. III phase - the phase of psychophysiological demobilization. V phase - the phase of restoration of the psychophysiological state. VI phase – the phase of conflictogenity.
It has been found that the purpose of capture, the institutional environment (a complex of fundamental rules that determine the framework of a military man’s behavior and form the basis of his life activity in conditions of captivity), as well as the detention regime, custody, nutrition and forced labor, form the space of captivity. Among the main psychological spaces of modern military captivity, the following have been defined and characterized: (a) the psychological space of “choice”; (b) the psychological space “cultural trauma”; (c) the psychological space of “exploitation”; (d) psychological space “struggle”; (e) psychological space “collaboration”; (f) the psychological space “ideological (religious) processing”. It is in this space when the tasks of “brainwashing” of prisoners of war; (g) the psychological space “lucre”.
In order to define the consequences of military captivity, all prisoners of war can be divided into groups according to their behavior in captivity: 1. The group of impatiently desperate. 2. The group of steadfast. 3. The group of "rebellious". 4. Other military personnel.
The psychological peculiarities of the commanders of the military units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ("Viking", "Zombie" and "Robin Hood"), the leaders of illegal armed groups of the quasi-republics of the DPR / LPR ("Joker" and "Wedding General") and mercenaries (“Rambo” and “Inquisitor”), whom the Ukrainian military personnel were captured by have been defined.
Surveys of the military personnel who returned from captivity made it possible to identify the main types of executioners who use the illegal methods of influence (humiliation, bullying, battering, torture, etc.) towards the prisoners of war. Therefore, all executioners were conditionally divided into four types: “Coward”, "Pros", “Avenger”, and “Sadist”.
A socio-psychological model of the consequences of military captivity has been developed and the levels of psychological phenomena that compose this model have been singled out: (1) the macro level (or causal); (2) the main (or value-semantic); and (3) the micro level (superficial).
The strategy, the main tasks and principles of the reintegration of former prisoners of war into the conditions of peaceful life.
The complex of measures for the reintegration of former prisoners of war into a peaceful life will include: 1. Medical support and treatment. 2. Legal assistance. 3. Social assistance. 4. Psychological assistance.
