Cherkashyn S. Development of German university education (twentieth century – early twenty first century)

Based on the analysis of a large array of primary sources and source literature, the development of Germany university education (19th – early 20th centuries) has been entirely researched for the first time in Ukrainian historical and pedagogical science for creative use of progressive achievements in modern conditions of reforming the national University education. The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the study are that for the first time the development of German university education was comprehensively studied in a wide time range by taking into account socio-political and cultural-educational determinants, its theoretical and methodological principles are characterized; the historiography of the problem of development of Germany university education in domestic (pre-revolutionary, Soviet, post-Soviet) and foreign scientific thought is outlined, the dominant directions of studying of the chosen problems are defined. The following stages of development of German university education in the period between which the XX – early XXI century are identified and substantiated: I stage (1899 – 1932) – the stage of active search for a new model of university education against the growing role of natural, engineering and technical sciences, industry demands and the needs of the state to train a new generation of specialists; Stage II (1933 – 1944) – a stage of radical transformation of university education in Germany under the National Socialist regime; Stage III (1945 – the first half of the 60's of the twentieth century) – Stage of restoration of university education destroyed by the war and the Nazi ideology in divided Germany; Stage IV (second half of the 60's – 1989) – the stage of focusing on solving problems of university education, conducting large-scale activities to streamline educational expansion; Stage V (1990 – 1997) – a stage of consolidation of efforts of educational politicians and the scientific community to strengthen the competitiveness of university education in a united Germany; introduction of market mechanisms in the basis of its management; Stage VI (1998 – 2018) – the stage of reforming university education in Germany in the context of globalization and integration processes. The following cross-cutting trends in the development of university education in Germany during the XX – the beginning of the XXI centuries are identified: observance of cultural and educational federalism as the main principle of construction and functioning of university education; expanding the social base of students and preserving its elitist character; democratization, humanization, humanization of the university sector; strengthening the profiling of universities; lack of vertical stratification of universities and diversification of ways of obtaining university education by the population; stability of development of the German university as a social institution; limiting the influence of the federal state on the activities of universities; humanitarian orientation of university education, internationalization and openness to society.