In the thesis, the complex research of speech of the person is carried out and thedecision of a scientific problem concerning criminological identification, diagnostics,
and grouping on signs of a person`s speech portrait is offered.
The obtained results allowed us to draw some theoretical conclusions and some practical recommendations for improving the current legislation on the regulation of
the composition of the speech portrait of a person during criminal proceedings.
It is established that the methodology of research of speech portrait of a person in the system of forensic knowledge is related to its subject, purpose, and tasks and provides unity of dialectical, formal-logical, hermeneutic, historical-legal, formal-legal, sociological, statistical methods and method of system analysis.
The basic concepts of speech, language, human voice, and their relationship are highlighted. The classification of a person's speech according to the forms of expression into oral and written is given. There is a new type of broadcasting - network. The features inherent in any human speech and the distinctive features of oral, written, and network speech are considered.
It is established that the speech function is realized by the formation of an air stream, the formation of a voice (phonation), and the formation of sounds of speech
(articulation). Thus individualization of a speech signal is carried out at all stages of its formation, from origin in the central nervous system of the program of transfer of the
planned message (emergence of thought) and to the moment of emergence of an acoustic signal. The study of the peculiarities of written speech established its close
connection with oral speech and the reciprocity of their influence on each other.
The concept of "speech portrait" of a person is introduced, its difference from the concepts of "language portrait" and "verbal portrait" is determined.
The achievements of medicine, speech therapy, educational science, and philology in terms of influencing the formation of individual speech characteristics of
various factors, such as health, disease, age, gender, social environment and geographical environment, profession and occupation, level of education, etc. are
analyzed. It is emphasized that in criminology, in contrast to other sciences, the difficulty of cognition of speech is that to establish the cause (the factor that led to the
formation of a speech feature) you need to know the consequence (the speech feature itself). To do this, according to the features of speech and voice, which are reflected in
the sound or graphic traces, it is necessary to reconstruct a set of criminologically significant features of the person, that is a complex inverse diagnostic and
identification task must be solved.
The paper reveals that a person's speech skills form a unique set of speech means of a particular person, which have individual variations of the language model, as well as social options that arise in connection with a person's membership in certain social groups by territory, profession and occupation, education, etc.
The classification of factors that determine of a person's speech on biological (sex, age, features of physiological condition) and social (degree of language proficiency, ethnicity, territorial affiliation, sociocultural status, profession, occupation) is offered.
The structure of the speech portrait of a person contains features of the speech portrait of a person, which comprehensively characterize him as a speaker.
The horizontal and vertical substructures of the features of the speech portrait are distinguished in the work. The vertical substructure of the structure of the speech
portrait is characterized by individual (grouping) features, which include those that allow to determine its belonging to a particular biological, demographic, or social
group); situational (diagnostic), which allows to identify the "states" of the person during the act of speech; individual (identification), which characterize the most
distinctive features of a person's speech.
The horizontal substructure of the speech portrait (by types of speech) contains: oral-speech features (characteristic of situations of oral communication directly
between people or with the help of technical means that transmit voice messages without delaying the time of delivery of such a message); written and speech features
(characteristic of handwritten or printed documents with a long time for their preparation); mixed signs of speech (typical of communication on the Internet: chats,
text messages, voice messages in messengers, etc. ).
An obligatory element of a person’s speech portrait is the peculiarities of the use of means of speech realization (voice - for oral speech, writing instruments and gadgets
- for written speech) in a speech act.
