The plastic language of the architecture of public buildings of the 20th century as a component of the architectural form was considered for the first time as an object of evolution, with the identification of the origins and factors of the formation of new plastic three-dimensional elements , their expressiveness, modern principles and techniques of the organization of the architectural form, which made it possible to identify the stages of the evolutionary process and predict prospects and principles of further development.
The source base on theoretical issues of the formation of architectural form, tectonics, composition is considered, the plastic language of architecture is covered.
Plastic three-dimensional elements formed into a single composition are a component of the architectural form. It is their "morphology", interpretation, regularities of form, and tectonics that represent the plastic language of different evolutionary periods.
It represents the totality of all elements, details, compositional means, and characteristics of the visible envelope of architecture, forming a certain visual series, a plastic code.
On the basis of studies of changes in architectural styles and directions, a model of the evolution of the plastic language of the architecture of public buildings of the 20th century was created.At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a search for new tracts and a new belief. Plastic language acquired foreign language interpretations of the natural organic world, its tectonics.
The second stage is marked as a rejection of the artistic expressiveness of plastic elements. The third stage turned to the use of repeated classical elements, symbols that date back to Antiquity. The fourth stage is an attempt to change the principles of tectonics, to poeticize the asceticism of modernism.The fifth stage is the interpretation of classical forms. Pluralism, embedded by philosophy in the understanding of architecture, led to the emergence of a variety of new tracts.
A feature of the evolution of architecture of the 20th century is the tendency to return to the styles of the past. The following reasons for this phenomenon were identified: the dominant ideology of the state; philosophical, intellectual attitude to architecture (using the example of postmodernism style); the influence of the historical environment, as well as a violation of the correct understanding of modern opportunities for the formation of architecture. There are the following basic structural types of buildings: buildings with load-bearing walls (traditional); buildings with an internal frame with hinged or self-supporting facades; buildings with an external frame; shell buildings, which are separate structural solutions that have an external earth - enclosure and an internal frame. The classification of fencing elements is proposed: according to structural features, according to material, and also according to quality characteristics. Such methods of architecture formation are generalized, such as: translucent facades; dematerialization of architecture; the possibility of a chaotic arrangement of window openings on the facades; fusion of walls and covering; the curvature of the external walls; cantilever buildings.
Evolutionary processes of the 20th century in architecture could not have occurred without a change in the structural basis of construction. There was a change in tectonic principles, and the artistic expression of the construction work of the building ceased to be obvious, the essence of this concept, its interpretation, changed. Such methods of architecture formation are generalized, such as translucent facades; dematerialization of openings on facades, a fusion of walls and covering; curvature of external walls; cantilever buildings.
The research determined the main principles of the formation of the latest interpretations of plastic language as a result of the evolution of the architecture of public buildings of the 20th century.
The first is the principle of optimizing the requirements of sustainable development. The second is the principle of informativeness in architecture. This principle meets the requirements of advertising and marketing in the modern economy. The third is the principle of integration of design into architecture. This principle refutes the main architectural properties - attachment to the place, static immutability of the composition, and individuality. The fourth is the principle of using algorithms.
Today plastic language becomes not only the beauty and tectonic expressiveness of individual components of the structure, but the main thing is the response to the needs of society: sustainable development, environmental friendliness, resource-saving, energy efficiency, informativeness, technology.
