Andrushchak L. Peculiarities of Morphogenesis and Variant Anatomy of the Calyx-Pelvic System of the Kidney in the Prenatal Period of Human Ontogenesis

The research considers and solves topical issues of determining a chronological sequence of appearance of the sources of rudiments and the features of the age-related dynamics of prenatal morphogenetic transformations in the structure and topography of the calyx-pelvic system of the kidney (CPSK) and adjacent human structures. Based on the complex of methods of morphological research and statistical analysis, the data were obtained for the first time, which made it possible to determine the features of morphogenesis and to establish general peculiarities of the development of the structural components of the CPSK. In order to find the specifics of the sources of rudiments, a chronological sequence of topographical and anatomical transformations, and the variant anatomy of the CPSK in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis, specimens of 30 embryos, 30 prefetuses, and 60 human fetuses were studied. The complex of classical and modern methods of morphological research was applied: anthropometry, morphometry, macroscopy, microscopy, X-ray techniques, graphic and three-dimensional computer reconstruction of serial histological, topographic-anatomical and computer-tomographic sections, mathematical modeling and statistical analysis. Clarification of the morphometric peculiarities of the age-related dynamics of the formation and the size of the CPSK of human fetuses is of great practical importance in determining the critical periods of the development of the urinary system – the time of possible occurrence of congenital defects and anatomical variants. The mathematical functions of the morphometric parameters of the PCSK can serve as algorithmic variables in the software of computerized medical diagnostic imaging devices for prenatal detection of abnormalities in the development of the urinary system. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions have been designed, which can serve as demonstration material during the educational process, including online lectures and practical classes in the course of distance learning. Reconstructions of organs of the retroperitoneal space can also be the basis for modeling pathological processes and age-related syntopic changes. The materials of the research are implemented in the scientific and educational process at specialized morphological departments and can be used for lecturing, writing textbooks on histology, anatomy, clinical anatomy, urology, nephrology.