The dissertation raises the issue of increasing the
effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of dento-jaw deformities in children
through their timely detection, development of new diagnostic methods and
indications for the use of the most rational designs of orthodontic devices and dental
prostheses.
Supplemented scientific data on the prevalence of dento-mandibular
anomalies, dentition defects and dento-mandibular deformations among the
children's population based on the results of clinical and epidemiological studies,
which proved the high prevalence of dento-mandibular anomalies among the
children's population, which is 93.7% (2134 examined) of the total number of
examined (2276 persons), and only 6.3% (142 persons) had no orthodontic
pathology detected.
Among the examined 2,276 persons, dental defects were found in 359
persons, which is 15.8% of the total number of examined children. The largest
number of dentition defects was found in children of the II age group in the period
of variable bite - 83%, and the smallest in the examined group III with permanent
bite - 15% and group I with temporary bite - 2%.
It should be noted that out of all detected dental defects, only in 22.6% of
cases they were not complicated by dento-jaw deformities, because timely
uncompensated dental defects almost always lead to persistent deformations, which
develop extremely quickly in children and adolescents. In particular, maxillofacial
deformities were found in 278 people out of the total number of examined children
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(2,276 people), which is 12.2%, and out of the total number of dentition defects
detected (359 cases) - 77.4%.
In addition, it was found that pathological changes are observed in three
spatial planes: in the sagittal direction, 41.7% of deformations were detected, among
which 53.4% were cases of tooth inclination towards the tooth row defect, and
46.6% - body movement; vertical deformations of edentulous areas accounted for
23.0%, of which 35.9% were dental elongation of antagonists towards the defect and
64.1% - dentoalveolar elongation towards the defect; changes in the transversal
direction were noted in 4.0% of the examined subjects with defects in the dentition,
which were complicated in 63.6% by turning of the teeth and in 36.4% of cases by
inclination of the teeth towards the defect; combined displacements were detected
in 31.3% of all detected maxillofacial deformities.
Such a high rate of the prevalence of dentition defects and dento-jaw
deformities among children is caused by the deterioration of the organization of
sanitation of the oral cavity among children and requires urgent measures to
implement programs aimed at early detection and prevention of severe
morphological and functional disorders of the dento-jaw apparatus.
The results of the analysis of clinical studies indicated the absence of
systematic substantiation of the indications for the replacement of dental row defects
and the choice of the design of a dental prosthesis in children's patients with
premature loss of temporary teeth in areas of support zones. Insufficiently studied
diagnostic criteria of various forms of dento-jaw deformities required a detailed
study in order to develop a comprehensive approach to providing dental care to
children.
During the conduct of additional research, changes in the maxillofacial
apparatus of children were studied in different periods of its formation with timely
uncompensated defects of the dentition. Characteristic diagnostic criteria were
identified, described and systematized, and an analysis of changes in their indicators
was carried out depending on the etiology and pathogenesis of dental defects in
children. Supplemented scientific data on the peculiarities of clinical and functional
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indicators in cases of dentition defects and maxillofacial deformations in areas of
support zones in children.
