Khudyakova O. Anatomical variability of the frontal bone considering the sex, skull shape and age factors

The study of anatomical variability of linear, arc and angular size, volume and shape of the frontal bone, was conducted on the sculls of people of VIII and XX centuries, taking into account gender and skull shape. For 12 centuries, radical changes in shape of frontal bone of people's skulls of the XX century compared with similar indicators of people's skulls of the VIII century was not found. Found that scale bulge of frontal bone in all projections in the XX century was on the average higher than in the VIII century, and in most cases traced sexual dimorphism - women bulge on the largest width and the most salient point on scales of frontal bone was greater than in men and the bulge on the smallest width in men was greater than in women (the development of glabellar part of men was higher than in women). The clear dependence of the size of the convexity on the skull shape was not found. Scale area of frontal bone in the XX century was greater than in the VIII century and in most cases it was higher in men than in women. There was no direct dependence of the scale area size of frontal bone on skull shape. Volume of scales of frontal bone in the XX century was greater than in the VIII century that was connected with the variability of configurations of frontal bone, in particular the ratio of such points as bregma, nasion and metopion. In the VIII century the frontal bone had more projecting point metopion as for the line bregma-nasion. Sexual dimorphism was clearly defined - male indicator was greater than female. The clear dependence on the shape of skull was not found. Angle of deflection of scales of the frontal bone, bending angle of scales of frontal bone and the bending height of the scales of the frontal bone were larger in the VIII century than in the XX century, and women rates were higher than men. Reliable dependence of the above mentioned indicators on the shape of the skull was not found. The Configuration frontal bone had a great range of anatomical variability. Symmetric or asymmetric (left or right-sided) frontal sinuses were described. There are single-chamber, double, or multi-chamber sinuses by the number of fully formed partitions. There are harbourlike, cellular or mixed sinuses by the quantity of partitions that are not fully formed. By the size ratio - wide, narrow, high, of average height, low, deep or shallow. To make a comparative analysis the following computer software was offered: Autodesk, 3ds Max and Zbrush. These programs allow us to compare the shape and the size of anatomical objects.