Gul A. Formation and Development of University Education in Turkey XIX - early XXI century

Thesis is devoted to the problem of the formation and development of the university education of Turkey in the XIX - early XXI centuries, the study of the possibilities of creative use of the Turkish experience in Ukraine. The conceptual-terminological apparatus of research is characterized on the basis of the analysis of historical, pedagogical and publicistic literature. The content of the concepts of "university education", "modernization", "westernization", "secularism" and some others are specified. Methodological approaches to the study of the problem of formation and development of university education in Turkey XIX - the beginning of the XXI century are distinguished, among which there are civilizational, systemic, synergetic, formational, ethnocultural, sociocultural, personalistic, and narrative. The main prerequisites for the formation of university education in Turkey are revealed: historical, socio-economic, sociocultural, organizational and methodological. The peculiarities of the organization of teaching in the first higher educational institutions of Turkey of the spiritual direction - madrassas - were studied. The vectors of the influence of Tanzimat reforms on structuring the system of higher education in Turkey of the XIX century are determined. Enlightenment ideas of scientists-reformers of the period under investigation are analyzed. On the basis of the distinguished periodization, the development of the university education of Turkey in the 20th century is researched, the main trends of this process are outlined. The influence of Atat?rk's revolutionary ideas on the development of higher education in 1922-1950 was characterized; crisis phenomena in the development of the university education of Turkey in 1960-1980 were analyzed; the reasons for its radical restructuring in the period from 1981 to the beginning of the XXI century are stated; the place of private higher education institutions in the system of university education was determined; the experience of the development of higher education in Turkey in modern conditions is updated and verified. The main tendencies of the development of university education of Turkey in the 20th century are identified, among which there are nationalization (in the manifestations of etatism and laicism) and secularization; appearance of mass access to higher education; creation of an external quality assessment system; unification of the system of university education, etc. The information about the development of university education of Turkey of the ХІХ - the beginning of the ХХІ century was introduced into the scientific circulation.