Roman V. Adaptation of lexical borrowings in the language-recipient (linguohistoriographic aspect)

The thesis presents linguistic historiographic research into adaptation of lexical borrowings in the language-recipient of Indo-European languages; Ukrainian, American and European works devoted to the question of adaptation of lexical borrowings in general and their functioning in particular have been generalized. At the end of the 19th c. – the beginning of the 20th c. general-theoretical basis of formation of lexical borrowings and the problem of their usefulness in works by scientists have been revealed. The question of appearance of lexical borrowings, functioning and assimilation of loan-words has been systematized. Intra- and extralingual factors of lexical borrowings and differential features of formal and semantic adaptation of borrowed words in the language-recipient at different levels of language system in linguistic works have been determined. The stages and degrees of adaptation of lexical borrowings have been analyzed. The thesis focuses on basic theories of adaptation of lexical borrowings in the language-recipient published at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 21st cc. It has been pointed out that assimilation of foreign lexical elements in new conditions of the language-recipient becomes the essential part of the adaptation process; it may be regarded as a specific integration into various levels of the language. The linguists interpret assimilation as the second and a more significant stage than the process of borrowing (O. A. Styshov, E. V. Marinova). S. V. Semchynskyi, I. N. Obukhova, E. V. Marinova and others understand adaptation as a gradual and manifold process of assimilation of a foreign lexical element into phonetic, grammar, lexico-semantic and stylistic levels of the language-recipient. Lexical elements being at various stages of the process are characterized by different degrees of adaptation. The process of adaptation is an important phase while studying lexical borrowings which function in the language-recipient at a definite stage of its development and an inseparable aspect of their usage in the language-recipient.