Kovalenko Y. Historical topography of Glukhov in the Middle Ages and early modern times.

In the work and on the basis of a wide range of updated written,visual and material sources and historiographic heritage, the planning and topographic structure of the Glukhіv era of the Middle Ages and early modern times is characterized. The influence of natural and geographical factors on the process of urban territory formation, which is embodied in local microtoponyms, is determined. The role of city-forming factors, which included the natural environment, political and economic factors, is considered. The main elements of Glukhov's topography of the old Russian era are described. A little-studied period of the city's history after the Mongol-Tatar invasion is highlighted. The settlement of Glukhіv and its district during the period of stay of Chernihiv-Sivershchyna as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618-1648) is considered. The process of development of urban defense structures, administrative infrastructure and residential development is analyzed. Glukhov's place in the system of administrative-territorial structure and military organization of the Ukrainian Cossack state has been clarified. The article describes changes in the planning and topographic structure of Glukhov in connection with the acquisition of the capital's status in 1708, the development of a network of buildings of state bodies of the Hetmanate. The influence of natural disasters – large-scale fires of 1748 and 1784 on the further development of the urban environment-is noted. The sacred topography of Glukhіv in the second half of the XVII–XVIII centuries, the development and reconstruction of religious buildings are considered, and the location of city necropolises is determined. Keywords: Glukhіv, historical topography, Middle Ages, early modern times, Forstadt, sacred topography, necropolis.