Pliushch B. Direct and indirect translations of Ukrainian literary prose into English, German, Spanish and Russian.

The thesis studies binarism in translation of Ukrainian literary prose manifested in its direct and indirect translations. The main reason for it never being a subject research in the field of translation studies in Ukraine or anywhere else is the specificity of indirect translation. Indirect translation is scarcely covered in translation studies. Even its metalanguage is unsettled and is one of the discussion points of the given thesis. Pieta and Assis Rosa state that indirect translation "remains one of the most understudied phenomena in translation studies today". Ringmar, a Lund university researcher and probably one of the most prolific researchers of the translation through the third language, explains it by the fact that it's very often concealed by the publisher that a translation was done through the mediated language. Hence the difficulty of detecting the whole textual base (source text, mediating text, target text/ -s), which Spirk in his latest book on the reception of Czech literature in 20th-century Portugal (2014) outlines as another reason for such a scarce research on indirect translation. The Czech scholar postulates that it is possible to study indirect translations having an incomplete textual base. In this thesis we argue the opposite and present research results obtained after analysis of the whole textual base. In this thesis we've analyzed and singled out causes and implications of indirect translations. It was concluded that the main factors of indirect translation are ideological (political), the source language circulation factor and the factor of prestige of the mediating language. This list is undoubtedly not exhaustive but it represents the most common causes of indirect translation in general and of Ukrainian literature in particular. The source language circulation factor is of critical importance in terms of translation from Ukrainian. According to Orthofer, less widely spoken languages (the Scandinavian ones, for example) might be subject to the second hand route. In this study we present a concept of translator disparity which stands for inequality of limitations and requirements to translators from the so-called minor or small languages. These include requirements to translator telos, responsibility etc. Translator disparity creates a fertile ground for translations of low quality as well as eliminates all limitations in translation situation. Thus, it is the main reason for the binarism of Ukrainian literary prose translation - that is the egalitarianism of direct and indirect translations.