This dissertation is aimed at the improvement of the preventive measures against canine parvovirus (CPV) on the basis of the results of monitoring epizootiological data and the use of natural herbal preparations with immunomodulatory properties during vaccination, which is promising and relevant. Based on epizootiological monitoring, it has been shown that canine parvovirus enteritis is one of the most common diseases of dogs in Nigeria and Ukraine respectively. Studies have revealed that the disease affects not only young
(0–12 months) and older than 12 months, of different sex, both vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs against CPV enteritis.
The predisposition to CPVE in certain breeds of dogs revealed that in Ukraine, the German shepherds (15.9%), Siberian Huskies (9.5%) and Mongrels (31.7%), while in Nigeria, Alsatians (20.2%), Russian shepherd and Rottweiler (6.7% each) and Local breed (44.9%) were the most vulnerable. The difference in the number of cases of the disease is depending on the region of Nigeria, the season of the year (dry or wet) and other biotic and abiotic factors. It has been established that the most effective preventive measure is vaccination against the disease in Ukraine (using example of Sumy City) and the intensity of epizootiological status of CPV in central Nigeria is due to uncontrolled number of dogs, insufficient vaccinations and paucity of epizootiological works.
For the first time, a mutant of CPV 2b was detected in Nigeria among pathogens of parvovirus enteritis of dogs against the background of dominant CPV 2, CPV 2a and CPV 2c. At necropsy, the major pathoanatomical changes were found in the small intestine (100%), mesenteric lymph nodes (92%), lungs (91%), the large intestine (68%), the stomach (64%), the liver (52%), and other organs less than 40%, which indicates the presence of predominantly intestinal form of the disease in dogs in both countries, but a wide range of background diseases causes an associated course (e. g. non-infectious, bacterial and other viral diseases). In addition, the enteric form of the disease significantly dominates the myocardial form.
Initially, clinical signs are mostly nonspecific but later become typical including fever, anorexia, depression, lethargy, vomiting and diarrhea (that can range from catarrhal, mucoid to hemorrhagic and desquamative).
Based on the epizootic monitoring of CPVE, socio-ethnic and other studies, a short-term prediction for the spread of CPVE in Nigeria from 2020–2025 has been developed for the first time.
Low PCV is associated with a combination of intestinal bleeding and rehydration therapy. A marked depletion of cell lines (granulocytes, erythroids and megakaryocytes) is observed due to the effect of the virus on the bone marrow during acute phase of the disease, followed by cell line hyperplasia and peripheral blood neutrophilia during convalescence. However, these changes are nonspecific and may reflect the effect of endotoxaemia.
The widespread use of Abrus precatorius for the treatment and prevention of diseases of different aetiologies in various animal species in Nigeria, including CPV-E, has set the task of ascertaining the true properties of the seeds of this plant. The phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Abrus precatorius shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugars in both extracts. However, cardiac glycosides were present in the aqueous extract.
Methanolic and ethanolic extracts at the dose of LD50 (187.5 mg/kg) caused a significant increased (P < 0.05) hemoglobin and MCH respectively of mice and dogs. But ethanolic extract caused significantly increased in PCV of mice and dogs whereas RBC was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in mice and dogs administered methanolic and ethanolic extracts respectively. Leukocyte levels in both mice and dogs were significantly decreased by methanol and ethanol extract respectively. Studies have revealed the toxicity of various Abrus precatorius extracts in mice and dogs. It has been shown that the use of an aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius at a dose of 0.68 mg/kg body weight vaccinated against CPVE has an immunomodulatory effect.
